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Modern Problems 

of the 

Home, School and Church 

Solved by Christian 

Pedagogy and Sociology 

G.^C. H> HASSKARL, PH. D., 

Author, Lecturer and Pastor. 

SECOND EDITION 

Enlarged. 

Publisher : 

G. C. H. HASSKARL. 

^ 

On Sale at 

GENERAL COUNCIL PUBLICATION HOUSE, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



FRONTISPIECE CHART 

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Copyright 1914 
By G. C. H. Hasskarl. 

All Rights Reserved. 



AUG -71914 

©CI.A3790 51 



TO 

THE SERIOUS - MINDED 

AND 
SEARCHERS FOR TRUTH, 

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED. 



CONTEiNTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

Initial Problems and Their Solutions 11 

CHAPTER H. 

Ethical Problems and Their Solutions 39 

CHAPTER HI. 
Psychical Problems and Their Solutions 7Z 

CHAPTER IV. 

Social Problems and Their Solutions. 105 

CHAPTER V. 
Pedagogical Problems and Their Solutions. . . .141 

Appended Notes 173 

General Index 185 



PREFACE. 

The present century has come in times most extraor- 
dinary, with problems which appear to thinkers almost 
superhuman, demanding a solution. In the world's 
history, events are moving at a well-nigh staggering pace. 
That which formerly took centuries to accomplish is 
compressed into months of this epoch. The peculiar 
emphasis upon racial differences is gradually becoming 
less and less pronounced. There is scarcely a nation 
anxious to survive that at heart is not filled with deepest 
concern. Socially everywhere men are thoroughly aroused : 
— intelligent citizens of all classes in their various spheres 
of life, literary and scientific, financial and industrial, 
political and religious. Capitalists and employees, artists, 
artisans and mechanics are equally interested, pecuniarily, 
morally and spiritually. 

Largely this is owing to the mad race for the possession 
of ''mammon'' and the irreverent love of pleasure without 
even the ''form of godliness," — especially, where the 
former is more and more holding rule and placing "the 
entire earth under manipulation" : thus exercised for 
"glory's" and "wanton's" own sake, murmurings of dis- 



content and turbulent social conditions of a revolutionary 
character necessarily exist; a constantly increasing num- 
ber of ''strikes'' and ''lockouts/' financial depressions and 
lawless "mobs," political party-disruptions and national 
industrial uprisings are in world-wide evidence. 

Yet, withal, for these "perplexities" there exists still 
one remedy, — an ultimate solvent which will prove effec- 
tive and permanent wherever "righteousness and true 
holiness" reign supreme. First then will every difficulty 
disappear and all "the rough places" be "made plain," 
when the people of all nations under wdse and Christian 
rulers, shall have m.ade sure of their cooperative "bear- 
ings" and so "work out" their mutual "Salvation," accord- 
ing to the eternal life-principles of the Christ of God and 
His Revelation to and in man. For with these vitally 
Divine principles, primarily, all successful leaders of 
human life and thought, — statesmen, clergymen, teachers 
and parents, will finally be obliged to reckon. 

More and more evident this becomes, especially to all 
those that, considering the individual, social and national 
welfare of mankind, are insistent that Church and school 
alike, shall loyally and effectively perform their respective 
work: such persons confidently anticipate the "full frui- 



tion'' of both Church and school in the lives of men, 
women and children. All this will lead unto still wider 
spheres of usefulness and blessings, completing the ideal 
of God's thoughts in and through humanity, from God 
within to God over all. 

The Author. 



CHAPTER I. 

Initial Problems and Their Solutions. 

When the Godhead had determined to have other 
beings share and enjoy His goodness, righteousness and 
hoHness, He spoke the "world" into existence^ for a 
habitation for the first pair, Adam and Eve, and their 
descendants.^ By the fashioning of Adam's body and the 
inbreathing of the "breath of lives,'' He thus further made 
Adam, not only a being correlative of Himself, but also 
a human being, personal, self-conscious and ethicaP. 

God then pronounced His creation "good," "very 
good," but this original state of things mundane did not 
long remain paradisiacal ; for in creation's wake followed 
a despoliation concerning man, which came as the result 
of a certain misuse of freedom and the choice of evil, 
through Satan's pride and Adam's disobedience/ 



*See Appended Notes, No. 1. 

2A11 this accounts for the birth of space and time. Both only 
are conceptions of the finite mind, — experiences of a purely con- 
scious or subjective existence. 

^Thus was the first man *'ushered straight into the presence of 
his Creator with no human intermediary." 

^ "God is good and almighty, — hence His works as such are 
necessarily good. Evil must then have come into the world after 
He created it: — not from the outside, for outside of God and the 
world there is nothing; hence through the creatures themselves. 
Adam sinned through the Tempter and his own disobedience; and 
thus made use of his freedom by deciding in favor of evil'." 



12 MODERN PROBLEMS 

But the original impress of the ''breath-life'' by which 
Adam was made "a, living soul/' was not to be effaced 
by any opposing cause. ''The fall/' however, obliged him 
to determine thenceforth for himself the significance of 
all that correlatively still continued him a human being 
having the power of voluntary decision and choice after 
deliberation. This was because of the "correlative" ante- 
cedent — the ethico-religious life anticipatory which, in 
its deepest spiritual unit and in its greatest earthly com- 
pass, was thus made the criterion of all sequel endowments 
and additional possibilities to man, itself potential and 
pivotal :^ sensibly, of an ethical nature and of a human 
form ; super-sensibly, of a rational mould and of a spirit- 
ual perfection, — reflecting not only, personally, the back- 
ground and the fore-ground of the "image and likeness" 
in which man was created, but also, racially, becoming 
even prophetic of the possible reinstatement and neces- 
sary reconciliation with God Who, being "all in all" that 
is good, righteous and holy, could not entirely separate 
Himself from that which He had made. 

Thus it was that the central, organizing and permanent 
force in the outgoing "breath"-life of Adam, which 



^See Appended Notes, No. 2. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 13 

embraces the whole of the obligatory binding between 
God and man, anthropologically became both the divine 
and the human native ground of Redemption to every 
adherent of Him Who was the inspiration of the Father' 
when the one stupendous plan of Love was mapped out 
in its perfection/ This plan of Redemptional ''grace" 
was intended to be operative in and through all that is 
ethico-religiously mundane to man,^ — itself corporeally 
the constituting principle which accounts for the presence 
and necessity of an external world-heritage — the earthly 
habitation for man w^hich is permanent so far as it can 
be made subservient to, and in accord with realities which 
alone specially fit and properly develop him for the spir- 
itual exercise and cultivation of what in ''being'' is his 
by creation and Redemption*. Thus was the earth itself, 
although belonging to the cosmic order,^ yet in design 



^Tt is what sinful man is in Christ Jesus his Redeemer, that 
makes him so much the delight of the Father. 

^God's love is so unalloyed by self-love as to be spontaneously 
communitive of itself to others; i. e., creative. 

^This exalts the super-mundane idea of God Himself beyond His 
attributes. 

*The being or selfhood of man is a reality only in God and not 
out of Him. 

^Here sociology may be regarded as a part of the great natural 
order of cosmic phenomena. The order in which all the elements 
of space and time point to no yesterday, today or tomorrow. 



14 MODERN PROBLEMS 

originally intended for man and that which is ''spiritual'' 
and not material in purpose, — no more material than was 
Adam's body, fashioned from ''the earth, earthy." ^ 

Everything in fact that was conferred upon man, came 
from without, and was so continued responsively after 
"the fall,'' in spite of the usurpation of "sin and death" * 
within "the first Adam" ; and through him was transferred 
and made inherent in mankind of every age and all times. 
Henceforth nothing in or of man down the pathway of 
the human race, could longer conceive of ends of forms 
of "good,"^ of ideals supreme and triumphant. For, what 
the "waste and void" of darkness was to the material 
universe,^ that "sin and death," following disobedience, 
became spiritually to mankind. Subsequently man was to 



^ "Nature" finites man, that is, gives him bodily identity or con- 
sciousness. God in- finites man, by giving him spiritual individuality 
or correlative being. 

2 "Evil," "sin" and "death" are not causes but results of an 
abnormal process to which all of man's failures, his sufferings and 
miseries of mind and body must be attributed. It is not for re- 
ligion to explain evil, but rather to overcome evil. 

3 "Good is the climax of the God- consciousness. Matt. 5:48. 
Phil. 4:8. 

*In the Genesis of worlds, the Spirit's brooding was preparatory 
tc the speaking of light into existence, with the development of 
the universe to follow; in the latter order, it was the over-shadow- 
ing of Mary by the same Spirit, which gave to all of mankind Christ 
Jesus, the Saviour, as the Light of a sin-blinded world. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 15 

be approached by God only through exterior^ given 
"means/' — expressive of that ''goodness" and ''righteous- 
ness" made effectual through the incarnation of Christ 
Jesus and the regeneration of man unto "holiness" by 
"water and the Spirit"/ Thus, what was "manifest in the 
flesh" and to "the flesh" binds anew "love" and serves 
"faith"/ and so becomes the reasonable, visible pledge of 
the Father's purpose in sharing and enjoying with other 
beings as His children, all that is Heavenly/ 

All this is true because in man only, as a person self- 
acting and self-controlled, nature and spirit combine as 
factors in a new and third creation. This new creation, 
biologically imposed as such on man, standing at once in 
time and above time, is a consequent, theo-reciprocal ad- 
justment obligatory, not only upon his organism, effective 
in space and time/ but also upon his pneumatological 



^God's creatures first exist phenomenally, — this phenomenal 
existence is the only existence the creature can claim to have in 
himself. Whatever other more real existence he has, must be not 
in himself, but exclusively in and through God. 

2 "The whole Christ in both His natures, in all His offices, and 
in His entire work," is here involved. 

^Paith is the chief characteristic root of the Incarnation, "love's" 
in-finite copulative. 

^The Heavenly — this closes the gulf between God and man. 

^Upon the inner constitution of an organism depends the condi- 
tion of its existence and likewise its survival. 



16 MODERN PROBLEMS 

being eternally surviving which, for its ethical activity 
and religious continuity, is sociologically dependent ter- 
restrially upon a personal intercourse responsive, dutiful 
and lasting even in regard to its environment/ Privileges 
indeed ! For it is through the exercise of these influences 
that humanity is genetically divided into types, genera, 
species and varieties. 

Yet, so far as man, at the beginning of his earthly 
existence, is wanting in self-consciousness and freedom, 
to that extent he belongs to nature, is subject to the laws 
of flesh, and is governed animal-like by instinct and cir- 
cumstances, — at least for the first three years of his life. 
It is in after years that he is capable of establishing that 
prerogative of personality known by the term Ego or I :^ — 
individually, of an inner, ethical quality, self-reflective and 
socially, of an outer, religious force, self-cooperative.' 
Thus is man made the conscious as well as rational ''cor- 



^No organism housing can be separated from its environment 
except at the risk of some fallacy. 

2The Ego is conscious of its own copulative nature, character 
and ability; it is capable also of looking through the subjective 
and objective categories of the mind. 

^It is through the *'social-self" only that the corporate co-oper- 
ative can be developed. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 17 

relative'' of an implanted binding organic process^ and 
an eternal social movement of fact of life, in kinship, 
affiliation and love, with God and humanity alike and 
everlasting. 

Too much, however, is not to be attributed ordinarily 
to the consciousness of man ; for the ethico-religious man 
does not live by consciousness alone, but rather in the 
integration and reflection of its spiritual experiences 
which in point of service^ through the I, become unified 
and central : the I itself being the radiating unit of each 
conscious experience which, in the room of sensation* 
partly displaced, thus realizes personality* — becomes the 
very embodiment of all humanly and divinely historic 
forces and government whose definitive elements are : — 
the fact of self-consciousness, the power of self-direction, 



r appetites, 

^The implanted natural motives of action are J desires, 

[ affections.* 

Hn every problem it is the right plural relation of the units to 
each other which insures the correct result. 

^ "Sensations" are states of being consciously affected in our 
bodies as the result of their own action or their being acted on by 
outside causes. 

* "The essential force in personality is not the body, not the 
person, but the spirit, and the spirit's highest act of expressed 
worship in the dedication of the body; and in the dedication of the 
body by the Spirit there is a renewing of the mind." 

♦All these are marks of an imperfect being, because they express 
not freedom but dependence, not wealth but poverty. 



18 MODERN PROBLEMS 

the ability of self-development, and the choice of self- 
sacrifice. Yet, these sovereign accomplishments of the 
ordinary man, after all, merely lift him above the low 
estate which is his by nature/ After these become con- 
trolled by ethical and religious laws, the spiritual begin- 
ning in the Redemptional life, which ideally tends towards 
perfection of exerting volition^ and cherishing intelli- 
gence^ is made by man. 

But these ethico-rehgious operants are first of real 
service to man incrementally through ''faith," by which 
they in their divine unfolding, not only individually cause 
a self-realization of implanted powers, but also socially 
effect a permanent connection with the Will and the Law 
which are here actively at work in the whole process of 
history, — statically and organically are enabled to become 
effectual through the benign blessings of Christian culture 
cognitive, effecting everywhere an openness of mind and 
a largeness of heart to the idea and ideal of a ''regenerate'' 



^It is the extent of the objective effort on man's part, which 
is the vitally important consideration in the ethical world of service 
in which "labor" alone becomes the measure of all social values 
and eternal rewards. 

2 "Volition acts upon the social process through impulse, imita- 
tion and, consciously, through rational choice." 

^Intelligence is the ability to discriminate complex situations, 
and to know how to act suitably in reference to them. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 19 

humanity, — its highest interest and sanctified purpose of 
a greater whole. Thus is man naturally and redemption- 
ally brought in touch with, and grafted into all that is 
ethically and religiously significant and worthy in the life 
of the world invisible, — made an integral part of all its 
blessings, through the joys of that ''obedience" which 
efflorescing rests on the ''means of grace''^ and not on 
personal judgment, however sound, nor on social experi- 
ence however broad and helpful. 

Thus Christian culture," spiritual in its development,^ 
also paves the way for what constitutes individuality in 
the network of ethico-religious relations, hallowed and 
sanctified corporately through the "communion" in the 
Church. For spiritually there is no survival in and for 
singleness in any sphere of activity. As to individuality : 
— on the one side it is from without and inward, recep- 



^As there is nothing in the physical world which has existence 
except through mediation; so there is nothing in the spiritual world 
which has being but through mediation. All "believers" are visibly 
conjoined through the "means of grace" to Christ Jesus; and with 
Him also, all the "faithful" are finally made corporate participants 
in the Father's Kingdom. 

-True culture is both "self-regarding and social-regarding," yet 
to make culture the highest aim of man is to make him a mere 
tool of this achievement. 

^The ethico-religious interpretation measures the values of all 
activities and experiences according to their responsive relationship 
with God and with the Kingdom. 



20 MODERN PROBLEMS 

tive and acquiring — learning ; on the other, from within 
and outward, expressive and productive — applying. 
When united these two forces transform stimuli into re- 
sponse and experience into knowledge/ This explains 
too, why it is to individuals that Christianity most force- 
fully and specially appeals, — why the different members 
of the human family were to be circumcised and baptized 
one by one, and were to be taught one by one to observe 
the precepts of both the Law and the Gospel/ Still, while 
individuality is quite plastic and adaptable by nature, yet 
for the proper development of the ethical value and the 
religious importance of its firmer, sterner qualities, it is 
largely dependent upon personality. What is of individu- 
ality belongs in man; what is of personality belongs to 
humanity. 

Individuality is of the ''species^'-identity in man. In 
fact it arises from a self-confidence begotten through per- 
sonal powers, — their extent and their limitations. Hence, 
it cherishes its existence mainly in affiliation with that 
which socially is its cooperative in the ''genus" personality. 
Personality of a supra-temporal quality on the other hand, 

*If knowledge is to become active, it must be preceded by an 
inner reciprocal enlargement of life. 

^Collective work can never accomplish anything except so far 
as it is backed by individual effort. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 21 

while it often eludes analysis and defies definition ; yet it 
obviously adds to great throughts, balance, and to sov- 
ereign originality, judgment, — qualities of self-objectifi- 
cation which are fundamental to every world-movement 
and nationally discernible at the foundation of all civic 
progress and religious reforms/ Their efficiency and per- 
manency are, however, further dependent upon their 
combined outflow and influence in character' and personal 
worth which,^ when united visionally, transcend in power 
and importance all that ^'laws and kings" together can 
possibly accomplish. 

Thus is man equipped by nature, not only individually 
for his coming under the guidance of "providential 
grace," to prepare him for an ethical as well as a material 
environment*, but also socially qualified for his transmis- 
sion, under the special influence of ''personal grace," ulti- 
mately, to a Heavenly sphere of eternal activity/ These 



^In personality alone does life reach the highest degree of orig- 
inal creativeness, breadth of vision and thoroughness. 

^Character is the sum of life's choices. W^hen the personality- 
is Christian, it embraces self-mastery, constancy and consecration. 

^Man's ultimate standard of worth is an ideal of personal wortM 
which comes through "spirituality" alone. 

^Environment is restrictive and modificatory rather than deter- 
minative. 

^Man has absolutely no life or being which is not based "correla- 
tively" upon that natural community or spiritual identity which he 
shares with God and his kind. 



22 MODERN PROBLEMS 

are all in fact possibilities and privileges unique, most 
wonderful to man regenerate, — ethically of a connate 
correspondence of a composite nature which although in 
"kind'' of a negative and exclusive ''good," are yet under 
''Grace'' still worthy of continuation to a being seeking 
proper outward adjustment/ All this is by virtue of the 
implanted "correlative" breath-life of God which, poten- 
tially of a copulative abiding Divine energy, through such 
connate correspondence, makes known to man, not by self- 
volition, but through his ethical sense, what cooperatively 
constitutes in nature and character, self-conscious free- 
dom and religious responsibility, their consequent duties 
owing to self, to society and to humanity in general/ 
But, this correspondence is of teleological significance 
or final purpose according to the Scriptures, only when it 
becomes effective under laws moral and spiritual, — eccle- 



* "The most fundamental characteristic of living things is their 
response to external stimuli. . . . The degree of life is low or 
high, according to the correspondence between internal and external 
relations, simple or complex, limited or extensive, partial or com- 
plete, perfect or imperfect. . . . The more specific and accurate, 
the more complex and extensive, is the response to environing 
relations, the higher and richer, we say, is the life." 

^Man is then first a rounded out and complete personality, when 
there dawns within him a spiritual stage of reality, only when he 
participates in the whole of the spiritual world, — in contrast to 
"natural" activities, when he breaks forth from the spiritual life 
a new and sanctified being. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 23 

siastically through the efficacy of the sacrament of Bap- 
tism, by which he responsively, as a spiritual being, is 
made a beneficiary of ''prevenient grace,'' which is of a 
^'divine inspiration of holy thoughts and godly desires,'' 
and thus counteracts the influence of "original sin," — in 
itself of ''the transmission of a quahty of evil" imposed 
without any personal act of man ''born of the flesh." 
Whilst regeneration on the contrary is a "quality of good" 
conferred without any personal merit of man "born of 
the Spirit." ^ The latter is by "operative grace" cor-re- 
lated with "faith"; although separable, yet they are 
divinely parts of "one body," — so made through "opera- 
tive grace" which incrementally is effective "without man 
and without his free consent" by cravings — sensibilities 
ethically awakened through Baptism by which they in 
turn through the "spiritual man" unhampered are made 
to concur with the "correlative" yearnings of the enfran- 
chised soul, which again mutually through their reflexions, 



* "Regeneration is the correlative and opposite to original sin. 
As original sin is the transmission of a quality of evil, so regenera- 
tion is the infusion of a quality of good; as original sin is inherited 
without the personal act of us who are born of the flesh, so regen- 
eration is bestowed without personal merit in us who are 'born 
of the Spirit'; as in the inheritance of original sin we are passive 
and unconscious, so in regeneration when we are baptized as 
Infants, we as passively and unconsciously receive a new nature. 
John 3:5; Gal. 3:27." 



24 MODERN PROBLEMS 

communicate claimant ''graces'' that become the divine 
source of intelHgibiHty to man's physical form, just as 
the buds, blossoms and clusters of the branch are expres- 
sive of the vine's vitality, — an interceptive intelligibility 
here which accounts also for the survival of the natural — 
''historical" man through the tens of centuries upward to 
the present time. For, it is through this intelligibility that 
man initially, by virtue of the "correlative" cravings and 
movement-forms of his yearnings,^ expressive of semi- 
conscious and fully conscious reasoning, partially sensi- 
tizes much that ethnically belongs to common humanity.* 
Thus was man predisposed from the outset — "geared" 
psychologically^ to perform personally a routine work, — 
through "righteousness," a social duty of an ethico-re- 
ligious equipoise or regulative power along lines of 
growth and development common to mankind. This is 



^The "yearnings" of the soul are but the spiritual strivings for 
the preservation of the immortal part of man. 

^"Natural selection" does not secure **the survival of the fittest," 
in the struggle for existence; it merely determines the exact posi- 
tion which each one of a species is capable of holding in the general 

competition. 

r ... (by consciousness 

( presentative <( , 
^Kinds of Knowing* J 1 ^^ ^ense-perception 

representative 1 ^^ memory 

/by imagination. 
*There is a knowing in the ethical sensibility, as there is also 
a sensibility in all knowing. Wisdom is, accordingly, what one 
understands, and not what one believes. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 25 

accomplished effectively only by means of a training 
which is according to an ethico-religious stimulus in 
methods and is therefore responsively capable of prac- 
tically employing profitably all of man's ''talents'' spir- 
itual. For man's abilities, however brilHant, are of no 
use until they become spiritually active in the service of 
God and mankind. In the language of the parable of the 
"talents," man's capacities and possibilities are increased 
intellectually only by reciprocal spiritual use. The widow's 
oil increased not in the vessel, but in the pouring; the 
barley bread spoken of in the Gospel multipHed not in 
whole loaves, but by the grace of breaking and distrib- 
uting. 

Consequently, whatever "talents" are given to man 
must be used by training "in the direction of the spirit 
toward the ideal." The remembrance of this fact brings 
also to view and review alike, the true spheres in which 
alone pedagogy can hope through "the spiritual" as the 
essential copulative element in intellectual growth to suc- 
ceed : — fill its rightful place ; meet its particular respon- 
sibilities ; perform its beneficent duties ; and thus become 
properly qualified as to its education issues, truly to lay 
hold on the things of eternity: — (1) In senses craving 
their proper gratification; (2) By an inclination to obey 



26 MODERN PROBLEMS 

the promptings of "faith/' and a desire that joy be found 
in such obedience; (3) In yearnings of conviction soar- 
ing restlessly till they recognize the first Object of adora- 
tion; (4) By affections anxious to love and to be loved 
in every relation, temporal and eternal. 

Owing to these four social life-factors just enumerated 
— to their ethically leavening and religiously evangelizing 
influences, the Nations, as never before, are beginning to 
move in the right direction toward unification, away from 
a ''realism'' which endeavors to build up by piecing to- 
gether from without, and awakening more and more to 
the corporate ideal of ''rendering to Caesar the things that 
are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." ^ 
This change in relation to both Caesar and God is effected 
successfully according to the degree to which they indi- 
vidually are willing through "Grace" to be Word-taught 
and become "ensamples," — honestly learning the re-valu- 
ation of "the things" which properly minister to the tem- 
poral as well as the eternal well-being of mankind. But 
this is true of such only as are earnestly working for 
"peace on earth" and "goodwill" among the races of men, 



* "Recognition of the sovereignty of God can alone save us 
from that slavery to man which is degrading, whether it be slavery 
to one master or to many, — to despotic kings or despotic majorities.** 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 27 

— are in reality willing, through a ''full international 
Sittlichkeif or ethical habit among nations as well as 
within nations/' administratively to subject themselves 
to the authority of the Will whose object is universal 
Right and eternal Salvation. Effective in and through the 
"righteousness'' only which is in-finitely constituted, of a 
spiritual unity of fellow-men, kingdoms and God admin- 
istratively acknowledged and standardized everywhere 
through tribunals of ''Christian" arbitration. For authori- 
tatively these alone have a definite plan — God's corporate 
plan, and a pre-ordained in-finiting goal by which mankind 
at large can consequently realize the ethico-religious ideal,^ 
according to their cultural-upbuilding capacities and God- 
given opportunities.^ For spiritually "when the Lord 
deprived Peter of the sword," he meant to disarm all for 
all times. 



^ "Sittlichkeit" is the system of habitual or customary conduct 
enjoined by the private conscience and ethical spirit of a com- 
munity. 

2An ideal institution always determines the line along which 
its adherents can serve and identify themselves separately from 
what is alien to it. 

^The hope of future improvement in higher civilization lies in 
the Gospel-possibility of the multiplication of cultural achieve- 
ments of love, whereby each individual is personally assigned to 
his own, having all his rights, yet never infringing on the rights 
of others. 



28 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Modern ''tribunals of arbitration'' are at best merely 
of an abstract justice^ meted out on the instalment plan, 
in fact, which practically cannot be termed even humani- 
tarian. For ''life is more than meat, and the body than 
raiment/' Indeed most of the so-called present-day 
philanthropical benefactions and humanitarian reforms* 
are wanting ideally altogether in those essential transcen- 
dent forces, through whose benevolei^t activities alone 
there is an effective bringing about of conditions recon- 
ciliatory to man — to such of mankind as, though poised 
properly, are yet forever confronting physical, social and 
civic barriers which are not of their making nor for their 
unmaking/ This holds true alike in regard to interests 
affecting the material, corporeal and visible world, which 
are constantly appealing to the sarkikos — sense-interests 
of man ; but which are altogether wide of the mark, when 
turned upon the spiritual, incorporeal and unseen world 



^Divine justice is the core of harmony, — the balance which 
preserves the sign of equation between the outgoing and the incom- 
ing. It is God in action matching God in repose. 

^Scientific reformers blunder every time that they approach 
economic a.nd social questions in the consideration of material 
possessions instead of man himself. — Matt. 6:25-34. 

^Intelligence in general is conversant with two orders of facts: 
(1) facts of life, which are known only from within or conscious- 
ness; (2) facts of existence, which are known only from without 
or by sense. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 29 

which Hkewise becomes of an infinitude that challenges 
the pneumatikos — spirit-concerns of man. Further- 
more this particularly accounts, by way of contrast and 
cooperation, for the necessity, ''peculiar" mission and 
unique position assigned to the Church on earth, embrac- 
ing as she does exclusively, the whole compass of both 
worlds, things natural and things spiritual; and conse- 
quently, gives also the reason for her special mediatorial 
social office under the Headship of Him Who was the 
Creator of both. She becomes, in fact, the one inter- 
world Institution necessary to the nexus or connection 
between the realms of time and the realms of eternity.* 
Accordingly, as the ''assembly,'' her chief conservatory 
strength lies in "the preached Word" and in what by the 
sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, constitute 
through "faith" spiritual humanity re-inforced as a telic 
unit," so that, forever "man to man the world o'er shall 



^As there will, historically, never be any need for another 
Columbus to sail unknown waters, so, religiously, there will never 
be any necessity for another Luther to reform Protestantism in 
regard to "Apostolic" faith. For Protestantism is becoming more 
evangelical every century since the Reformation which, in place 
of the doctrine of an "infallible" Church, observes the teachings of 
an infallible Book, and thus fulfills every spiritual condition of 
true Catholicity. Moses, Paul and Luther will consequently stand 
throughout all ages as the greatest three of the world's witnesses 
of the Church. 

-The value of life to man is not determined by the end which It 
reaches but by its entire social course. 



30 MODERN PROBLEMS 

brothers be/' — upon the ''milleniunV dawn when ''the 
ethics of Christ's GospeF' shall be universally applied and 
responsively enforced the world round. 

Thus it is through the attraction, influence and affilia- 
tion of the Christian church of reciprocal eternal realities, 
— her first principles, that the Nations are inwardly to be 
awakened and become conscious of the need of moral 
laws and eternal truths,^ in all their affairs and concerns, 
for existence and harmony. For it is only the responsively 
ethico-religious in man which after all reveal and open 
up to every participant and community, an endless career 
of personal virtue and denominationar piety, of national 
tranquillity and world-wide cooperation, with ''hoHness 
and righteousness'' emblazoned upon their uplifted ban- 
ner of ''freedom" true and of "liberty" by divine right. 
At the same time reciprocally there is effected a true 
Christian brotherhood which by raising voluntary morality 



^Much of what is apparently spiritual in culture today "walks 
in the shadow of the intellect." 

^The actual, inner cause for so many divisions in the Church of 
Jesus Christ, is not to be attributed so much to their leaders as to 
their immediate associates and followers in failing to take into 
Christian confidence the co-worker and "neighbor" also engaged 
in the Lord's cause. It is owing to this unfortunate condition of 
affairs ecclesiastically, that the "communion of saints" is being 
disrupted and constantly at a crisis, — all by the unholy activity 
of ambitious and crafty persons who endeavor to perform that 
which belongs exclusively to the work of the Holy Spirit. Christians 
are not chess-men, but "co-laborers" royal. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 31 

to quickening religion, becomes in anticipation aglow 
with joy Omniscient, when duty, love and sympathy shall 
be universal and the spirit of Christ Jesus shall reign 
supreme through the length and breadth of the earth 
reborn, — upon the crucifixion crisis, bringing to the 
world's eon or cycle of restoration, a glorious and unend- 
ing state of efficiency indeed. 

Yet, efficiency alone v/ill not hasten the millenium. 
There must be a prior transformation to and connection 
with the normally dynamic and the beatifically responsive 
ideal joy-begetting. Unity^ in ''faith" confessionally must 
exist as a life-power between that which is of the subjec- 
tive human and that which is of the objective Divine; 
and these jointly, under responsive laws, although correla- 
tively separable, yet become vitally the historically ethico- 
religious energ}^ in consonance with the human order^ of 
"nature'' and of redeeming ''grace," when registering in 
the heart of "faith" which sways passion and appetite, 
the will and conscience, intellect, character and destiny. 
These statically further explain and reverently re-enforce 



^There is "an inner fitness which we can but faintly describe, 
and in which we are assured that the annunciation and the incar- 
nation, the lowly manger and the lofty throne belong together in 
Christ." 

^An order of things or beings singular or plural, is impossible 
without a Divinely ideal goal to which it can be referred. 



32 ^ MODERN PROBLEMS 

themselves ideally through the fellowship of mankind 
with the Christ of God, and not through the fra- 
ternization with the realistic Christ of humanitarianism 
or philanthropy, nor of temporary revolutionizing 
''achievements'' or civic "economics,''^ but wholly through 
the incarnate life-spring of Christ glorified, the multiply- 
ing responsive mediation of His church, and the reciprocal 
blessings of ''the Kingdom" which is universal and ever- 
lasting. 

The establishment of this enduring Sovereignty must 
grow from the present, as the present ha? grown from 
the past, through the transcendent and eternal which are 
mundane effective and victorious through the use of the 
''means of grace'' which, copulatively alone are ethico-re- 
ligiously capable of effecting a spontaneous growth and 
cultural propagation pedagogically and catechetically by 
the "genetic" method of telic grounding.^ Thus is mankind 
to be responsively and expansively brought "under the 
law" and through "faith" into consciousness^ and idealized 



^ "No theory of necessity is likely ever really to control, or even 
take any hold of, the great body of mankind." It is "mostly by 
facts and realities, by common sense and feelings" that the great 
majority of mankind are governed and influenced. 

^Harmony between the intuitional and the teleological, in the 
transition from the "genetic" to the "telic" in progress, is alto- 
gether due and is exactly proportioned, to the development of the 
intellectual and spiritual faculty of vision. 

^Consciousness, primarily teleological, is by its very nature an 
experience, — the clearest and surest experience interceptive. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 33 

by the field of beatific "vision/' — ''in spirit and in truth" 
not only to "consecration'' but also to "dedication," and 
so fitted historically for the world's regular progress and 
final Redemption by way of the cradle and through the 
baptized child. Truly is this the case only through the 
occupant of the cradle who not only insures against the 
gradual extermination of the race, but also provides for 
an increase in the attendance upon the services of the 
sanctuary, — in amity to sow for piety and purity, for 
usefulness and holiness, for God and Heaven. 

All this occurs in a visible world of physical nature, to 
which under "Grace" man responds through the sentient 
life of the soul, which assimilates and sensibly combines 
them to form a living, corporeal structure for growth and 
propagation, which also reciprocally becomes expressive 
of the instinctive and intuitional, the rational and the 
spiritual. The sentient life itself is an attribute of the 
human soul; it is not of anything relating to the body 
of man. It goes forth with the soul into every sphere in 
which the soul is spiritually transformed, and is there 
responsively acted upon and exercised by the character 
of the objects and concerns engaging and challenging the 
soul's interests/ While the human soul is thus allied with 
sentient life, yet it knows itself in distinction from all 

^Discernment is never found through that which is alien in man, 
but always through that which is original in him. In fact, discern- 
ment itself is a discovery. 



34 MODERN PROBLEMS 

sentient affinities/ its every flesh-tie being always subor- 
dinate to higher, nobler and holier ultimate attachments. 
Yet it is only through the soul's spiritual affiliation'' with 
the sentient that it possesses rational imperatives, to 
control sense-appetites, desires and passions. In this 
spontaneity of experience are also grounded personality, 
liberty, responsibility and consequent immortaHty. 

Hence, man ^^is co-extensive with historical human 
life'' only so long as he is possessed of a corporeal frame 
connecting him with its earthly dwelling-place and also 
racially with humanity. The bodily form* as a phenom- 
enon, is but the natural, fleshly or sarx-expression of its 
psychological use, — being at the same time man's organ 
of "the soul" as well as that of "the spirit" of man.* 

The body' is functionally divided into two parts : — ap- 
prehending and locomotive. It is subjective, — by appre- 
hension one perceives the character of sensible things, 
present and absent; and retains impressions of them "as 



^The senses form only the receptive media of the organism, by 
means of which an objective material in the perception of an 
external world is furnished to the mind. 

^Spiritual life alone, and not mere humanity, can ensure abso- 
lute surety. 

^The physical phenomenal side of man's being finds its com- 
pletion only in metaphysics and through religion transcendental. 
*See "Analysis of the Soul" under Appended Notes Nos. 5 and 7. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 35 

wax does the imprint of a seal/'^ It is objective, — by 
locomotion the body is carried from one place to another 
or volitionally impelled to actions either praiseworthy or 
reprehensible. It is also the place of origin of instinct, 
appetites, desires, feelings and passions, — all of which 
are good in their proper place and in their right time, — 
never as ruling or guiding but as being ruled and guided.* 
The apprehensive faculty is again subdivided and oper- 
ative in spheres external and internal : outwardly, through 
the senses of touch, hearing and articulation or speech 
which are consequent upon sensation, perception and 
memory ; inwardly, through the senses of taste and smell.* 
In their respective spheres they are either active or pass- 
ive, each and all being the reflex impress-energy of con- 
cepts forced upon the understanding from whatsoever 



r Complex [ Aesthetic 

^Sensation: Feelings:: «j Intellectual: Emotions -[Intellectual 

[ States [ Sympathetie. 

^Nature's total function is to confer subjectivity and not objec- 
tivity. "She gives conscious existence or identity to her subjects, 
but has no power to give the unconscious being or individuality.** 
^ "Every sensation involves presence or direct consciousness, but 
not representation. The sensations of smell, taste and hearing are 
not representative; they remain in themselves and in their object. 
But touch, and above all sight, are by their nature representative; 
they involve relation to objects, and they imply to other beings, 
not mere causes of the internal affections, but as the originals 
represented in the sensations." In the phenomenon of sensation 
three things constitute its nature: a corporeal object, an organ 
affected by this object, and an impression in the soul. 



36 MODERN PROBLEMS 

source, and giving birth to ideas and thoughts expressive 
of knowledge in its different forms/ acquired successively 
and made possible to contemplate by memory through 
the imagination," embracing in fact everything that is per- 
ceptionally and conceptionally discernible and determin- 
ative. 

Still, however spiritual human knowledge may intel- 
lectually be made to appear, it can never of itself become 
the handmaid of true religion. True religion^ is of an 
entirely different birth, something far more sublime than 
are all ''ethnic-faiths" combined. In fact, the ethnic 
faiths, such as Mohammedanism, Brahmanism and Budd- 
hism, all have their origin through other, altogether 
fallible human, self-centered sources, those of ''contem- 
plation'' and "meditation,'''' are corporately wanting there- 



^Knowledge and imagination give color and tone to the world 
in which one lives. The imagination transcribes and converts 
knowledge into reality and utility. 

*The difference between memory and imagination is "that the 
objects of memory are attached to certain times and places, and 
must always be considered in relation to those; whilst imagination 
is absolved from such limitations." 

• ^True religion places human life and all its efforts under the 
vista of eternity. 

*These ancient religious initiatives Oriental have become quite 
popular in Occidental lands also. For centuries tens of millions of 
the **Yogi" tribe, professedly Christian, begin their search for 
divine illumination and truth by severing every family tie and 
repudiating every social obligation, in fact, by strangling every 
human affection. Neither penitence nor resignation possibly can 
save. 



THEIR INITIAL SOLUTIONS 37 

lore in the in-finiting spiritual life and work of ''regen- 
eration/' Absolutely at variance in the conflict of life- 
powers they have nothing in common with the religion of 
Jesus Christ. Whereas, the religion of Jesus Christ is 
the efflorescing, transcendent life-expression of the flesh- 
victor}- of "faith," in the personal service of ''love,'' 
awarding to mankind the highest Good through the 
"communion of the saints,'' in the Church-militant/ Man 
in wrestling with the question of religion, is at the same 
time seeking for a realization of his own actual existence. 



^They who are in saintly communion with the Church-militant 
belong also to the Church-triumphant. 



CHAPTER II. 

Ethical Problems and Their Solutions. 

Creation, as an all-embracing, synthetic system, was 
completed when God breathed ''the breath of lives" into 
the nostrils of Adam^ whose spiritual relation is further 
intensified by the making of him ''a living soul,''^ — the 
first of "free agents" responsive,* with attributes of mind 
and heart which capacitated him ethico-religiously as a 
"correlative" being to dtscriminate and choose by copying 
from the Ideal in all of "the world's activities." 

Irreverence of the "first parents" and their consequent 
"disobedience," however, shortly afterwards, proved a 



^Man was not only created by correspondence in the "image" 
of his Maker, but he was also spiritually endowed with **a living 
soul" — power to organize and immortalize the raw material given 
him by heredity and nature and Spirit. He was made capable of 
combating and subduing evil impulses and of pouring into his 
being of spiritual blindness and moral weakness, the iron of man- 
hood and the strength derived from the "hope," through "faith," 
of eternity. 

^Thus was life made a spiritual fact, to be known only by con- 
sciousness or from within, never by sense or from without. 

^Without the freedom which allies man spiritually with God, 
there is no originality, no personal life, no possible development. 



40 MODERN PROBLEMS 

fearful handicap to mankind in the perception of the 
effects which the ''knowledge of good and eviF' had upon 
them and their descendants/ and likewise in judging of 
the consequences which even the earth's topographical 
influences would have racially upon succeeding genera- 
tions. 

Yet, each generation was in turn left still capable of 
meeting life's demands^ in directions and sequences of an 
''Infinite Cause/' which is, in actions, of necessity regular, 
"without variableness, or shadow of turning." Further- 
more, its present and manifest actional uniformity, hence- 
forth, constantly suggested to each of the succeeding gen- 
erations the continuation and permanency of an all-wise 
and all-holy purpose in a pre-ordained plural environ- 
ment/ according to the laws of a "Being infinitely good, 
just, gracious, holy, merciful — a Father, a moral Gov- 
ernor, a God to be worshiped" through the promised One, 



^Through ''the fall" man lost the spiritual consciousness of the 
Divine perfection. 

^Natural existence is nothing else than a basis to man, because 
in proportion as his spiritual force augments, his natural force 
abates; just as the shell of a nut decays as the kernel ripens. 

^As creation consists of two steps, so does the process of 
human growth. There is unfolding and there is building or accre- 
tion, — both are interactionary and interdependent. The act of 
unfolding stimulates the process of building; and the process of 
building in turn stimulates the act of unfolding. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 41 

the Christ incarnate, Who made sin forever subversive, 
and Satan infamous/ 

What the order of activity, in the universe, — of our 
world and every other planet, in its particular orbit, 
around a divinely-fixed centre, was intended categorically 
to convey, and mechanically to serve as a prototype to 
mankind is, to every thinker, that there must also be an 
anthropologically responsive social order for mankind, in 
which each individual and community morally and spirit- 
ually, gravitate around a particular unit, live,^ fulfill 
their obligations and are assured of survival. This be- 
comes possible wholly through the consciousness of the 
aforesaid eternally designed order^ and ethically appointed 
Authority-standard, effective only under laws inward and 



^Satan, here on earth, has to work, not with living but dying 
material. He cannot form a living organism of living ties; he 
can form only a sinful, unquickened organization of man's inge- 
nuity. The latter holds true of all man- created organizations, 
"movements" or "reforms," however socially active along fra- 
ternal or industrial or religious lines: Hallucinations purely — 
by conceited pragmatic little creatures aping the prerogative of 
the Great Creator, and in fact practically shoving the latter from 
His stool. They are the agitators which, like animals, go in herds, 
"follow the crowd." 

^Those only have a right to life, who actually have claims on 
the Giver and Preserver of life through Christ Jesus. 

^It is through the world of sensible phenomena that man's 
being is brought responsively to consciousness. This conscious- 
ness is of a uniting nascent power, self-determining and volitional 
as to the recognition of facts, their likeness and differences. 



42 MODERN PROBLEMS 

outward which are not of man's making, of a Divine 
something above and beyond, altogether different from 
any human creation of ''egotism or dinosaurus * * * 
horrible brutes innumerable, with bulky bodies and tiny 
brains, coarse in fibre, and cold-blooded." 

The purpose of this Goal-standard of life,^ is to bring 
the unseen to bear upon the seen, — to open up and exter- 
nalize both redemptionally"" by a corporate rule and gov- 
ernment of association and action through the ethical 
conduct of man and his every religious achievement. Yea, 
even spiritually these are to control man by the same 
standard which, through the "one faith,'' is made and con- 
tinues as a living self-discovering, reciprocal principle — 
a "principium," or ''beginning" of action, antecedent to 



^Life is the unity of objective and subjective, just as water is 
the unity of oxygen and hydrogen, the unity being a conjugal one 
in both cases. It is in its incremental principle that the presence 
of the being of man, yea, even the life of the animal and vegetable 
kingdoms, are to be sought. 

2 "Christ Jesus as man's full and complete Deliverer, must 
procure two things for him: — pardon and a new nature, — pardon 
for past transgressions and a new nature to enable man to live to 
God. If he is to be in very deed the Second Adam, He must be 
to man not only atonement for actual transgression that consists 
in man's doing the deed of the First Adam; but He must also be 
to man a source of life and health, to counteract the moral and 
physical corruption or poisoned nature transfused through the 
race from its very foundation." 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 43 

which there stands no other object/ Psychically joined, it 
becomes the fundamental force which vitally and vision- 
ally is not based upon any other stimuli nor altered by 
any external consequences whatsoever."" In fact, there is 
no separation in first principles of what is by creation 
ethically innate from w^hat is by ''faith" religiously be- 
stowed.^ For these implanted "correlative'' energies not 
only constitute all that is ethico-religious in man ; but they 
are also the very cause of his elevation into corporate 



^True salvation is of God, and man cannot save himself apart 
from God; "but it is equally true, in one sense, that salvation is also 
of man, and God will not save a man against the latter' s own will, 
or apart from his own will. Every man who is saved has to ''work 
out his own salvation"; and his work is just as real as is the work 
of God. God has laid down inviolable and unchangeable conditions: 
if man would obtain the results, he must accept the conditions; if 
he would enjoy the effects, he must supply on his side the cause. 
Without the yielded will, there can be no saved life, even though 
the Heavenly Father is "not willing that any should perish, but 
that all should come to repentance." 

^The scale of life from the highest to the lowest, is determined 
by the vital apparatus of the organism itself always envelop- 
mental, housing. 

^The ethically spiritual elements which enter Into the conception 
of "goodness" are: subjectively, of characterizing, inherent quali- 
ties; objectively, of characterizing, external relations of adoption. 



44 MODERN PROBLEMS 

spheres of life above all other created beings/ Thus even 
as a process is the ethico-religious, not only part and 
parcel of the "cosmos/' but it becomes its very crown and 
consummation/ 

Hence, it has come to pass that man standing at once 
in time and above time belongs to an in-finiting, copulative 
order which knows nothing of material, organical or 
physical, of moral or religious mundane manifestations, 
save as immediate revelations of the omnipotence and 
omniscience of God Himself, — without Whose notice ''not 
even a sparrow falls to the ground,''^ — the presence and 
connections of which all become evident the moment a 
person's voluntary actions are determined by conscious 
or unconscious reference to outside standards — God only 



^Only in the Gospel of Jesus are found inherent spiritual great- 
ness and profound insight into the nature of God and the human 
soul: — "its ethical sweep and range, unifying the religious and 
moral consciousness; its comprehensive, yet intensely personal, 
quality: its inner unity, based on definite and clearly-conceived 
view of the world." 

^The science of the material fabric of man, and **that of the 
intellect, noble as they are, are fractional and inferior in dignity 
and practical importance to ethical science. They receive their 
chief importance from the ethical character of the nature which 
they go to constitute." 

^It is owing to the fact that man is a spiritual, super-temporal 
being, that his concerns as such are identified with that of an 
eternal and universal Will. Hence, he feels that what matters for 
him absolutely, matters for him eternally. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 45 

and His Law. That moment the person/ through ''obe- 
dience/' enters and identifies himself with the Hfe and 
dominion of ethics whictf correlatively demand and are 
dependent upon ''faith" on the part of every participant, 
in order to produce a "reHgious'' atmosphere which/ 
through "goodness'' and "hoHness"* again, becomes the 
responsive intermediary between the human soul and its 
God. It is thus that the conserving ethicaf joys of life 
permeate, socially mutate in reverence through service, 
— become incrementally enjoining and spiritually expres- 
sive in worship, and not through any possible influence 
from without, at the behest or through the concern or 
enthusiasm of either sinners, saints or archangels, but 



^ "Not the will, but the wilier is free; . . . it is the freedom 
of a man" responsive. 

^Christian obedience leads to future spiritual insight. The 
ability to acquire truth comes with the desire for truth. The 
unknown is acquired by the known. Matt 19:17; John 7:17. The 
virtue of Christianity is the obedience of faith. 

^True Christian religion does not allow the inferior or material 
elements in consciousness to dominate the superior psychical or 
spiritual elements of man individually or congregationally. 

^Generally speaking, pleasure is for one's own self, but "good- 
ness" is happiness for all humanity and for all times. 

^Just as man's physical experience has no other end than to 
base or matriculate his natural selfhood, so man's ethical experi- 
ence in its *'worship"-turn has no other end than to serve as a 
matrix or mould to his true spiritual selfhood. 



46 MODERN PROBLEMS 

wholly and alone by ''reciprocar' concentration in vindi- 
cation of ''faith'' and ''worship" and succor of the in- 
dwelling of God's Spirit/ 

It is, therefore, paramount that, in the first place, the 
person shall grasp the importance of the inherent "correla- 
tive" with which man is born ;' and shall also understand 
how this copulative correlative from the Creator's "in- 
breathing," functionally revitalized and opened up 
through "faith," becomes the connecting cause of all pro- 
jected tendencies — moral progress and religious growth* 
in every human character and sphere of life. In the sec- 
ond place, the distinction between their static and dynamic 
development should be made clear, — the former standing, 
as it does, for stability, and the latter for progress. The 
essentials of "truth" which, like perfect "good," exists 



^Obviously, to impart "grace" and reveal Christ Jesus are the 
special operations of the Holy Spirit. 

^The "correlative" as an inner abiding energy of the Divine, was 
made the creative "original" from which everything human is 
derived. Ethico-religiously, it is that "breath," subconscious, spir- 
itual principle in action which vitally comes into exercise prior to 
thought and volition, and goes out toward external objects in which 
they rest. 

*The religion which does not fear "truth" is the only moral 
religion, — the print of which on human character is as effective 
as the nail prints were to doubting Thomas. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 47 

only with harmony, will thus be made apprehensible to 
man in conviction and expression confirmatory of that 
''hope''^ which knows no wavering. 

It is with the Divine-revitalization of the ''correlative/' 
in tendencies equipmental here, that Christian ethics and 
pedagogy have to deal, — with those ethical potentialities 
of life' which raise the human soul, divinety responsive, 
spiritually toward what is kin to it, and so confer a 
religious self-adjustment spontaneous and homogeneous.* 
Thus is evolved a code of ethics which is eminently social 
in character,* and available for a practical corporate test 
of its Christian genuineness, primarily not as a system of 
external arrangement, but of and through internal se- 
quences : — divinely of Christ, — not as God, for as God 



^Hope is the visional compound of the desire of gratification 
and the expectation of gaining it. 

^Potential capacity is really all that man possesses, until he 
has made his "talents" his very own by responsive, spiritual culti- 
vation of them. God gives the "increase." "I have planted, Apollos 
watered," etc. "That which is born of the flesh is flesh," and no 
amount of merely human development and culture will spiritualize 
its possessor. 

^The desire to adjust must be toward the adjustable; it cannot 
be to what is absolutely impossible to rectify. 

*It is the "ethical" alone which is of spiritual value association- 
ally. In fact, it is the equipment which individually is connecting 
and binding, of that reciprocal efficacy which socially unifies and 
preserves the "balance account" with nature, neighbor and God, — 
warranted by the demands and benefactions of "faith" enforcing 
"the law of compensation." 



48 , MODERN PROBLEMS 

He is everywhere, but of Christ, as the ''Second Adam," 
who is ''perfect God and perfect man, of a reasonable soul 
and human flesh subsisting/'" By Him, the life-energy 
and identity of "love'' was restored bodily, entire and 
complete, to humanity in a human way, and so made the 
"one" selfsame, all-pervading. Omnipotent fact of life 
mundane," a manifest transformative historical energy of 
an ever sustaining Divine activity which socially extri- 
cates the spiritual elements of man's consciousness, and so 
aims to bring into full use every fibre of his being: To 
convey the Father's "love" to the human heart, to cause 
the flesh-"communion" of the saints, and to bestow a 
"foretaste" of that life and glory most wonderful.* The 



^Christ is life to the believer as Adam was death to him. From 
the latter he receives a nature which is dead to all true godliness. 
From Christ he receives a spiritual life, perfect in all holy aims, 
desires and affections. 

^Life in whatever form manifest, is in all cases a spiritual fact, 
being known only by consciousness or from within, never by sense 
or from without. 

^Through worship which is generally defined to be the outward 
observance of a faith-ceremony during which God and man are 
communing with each other. ^'Christian worship is the outward 
expression of power of the Holy Ghost, of the communion of man 
with God, through Jesus Christ our Lord. This worship consists 
of two elements — the sacramental and the sacrificial. In the sac- 
ramental acts, God speaks to us. In the sacrificial acts, we speak 
to God. In the sacramental acts, God's grace is exhibited, offered 
and conveyed. In the sacrificial, man offers to God the service 
which is due Him." 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 49 

fruitage is of the ''Word made flesh/' — organically of a 
mystical process, supernaturally joined to Him by a spir- 
itual bond to which the ethico-religious owes its begin- 
ning and ending, — joined so intimately that its oneness 
can be illustrated only by the union subsisting between a 
human body and its head, a vine and the branches; and 
whose operative presence and assured preservation thus 
are possible through the mediation of the Church 
on earth/ alone — by her providentially so long as she, 
''the bride,'' does not deny her "first love," and so become 
"faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null."^ 

This need of "union" of the Divine and the human 
which constitutes the seed of the Christ-religion, is be- 
cause all salutary gifts and experiences granted to man^ 



^ "God and His people form one perfect community, typified by 
the vine and its branches. In this view conduct stands quite other- 
wise than in legal religion. Righteousness is not an outward con- 
formity to command, but an inward disposition. Not obedience, 
but love — to God and the neighbor — is the fulfilling of the Divine 
will." 

^What too of the churches of the present which have become so 
wordly and the world so churchy, that it is a nice point to dis- 
criminate them? 

s **The object of the union of the branch with the Vine is, not 
only that the branch may partake of the life of the Vine, but also 
that, from the branch, the fruit may be gathered for the profit, not 
of the branch, nor yet of the vine, but of the husbandman." 



50 MODERN PROBLEMS 

are inwardly connected with the obtaining of eternal life, 
and they visibly prepare for it, through an identification 
of the individual self spiritually with the ecclesiastical 
corporate Self/ It is thus that the Christian religion gains 
a visible presence, — through the copulative ''means of 
grace,'' by which the will of God always chooses — deter- 
mines the fitness of ethical things and their right use in 
religious service. This identification necessitates conse- 
quently the surrender of what in motives and interests 
is carnal, to the common Wiir of that spiritual organiza- 
tion of which Christ Jesus* is the Head, — under the tute- 
lage of the Spirit always enforcing and sanctifying that 
which in justice to ''love''* never volimtary but always 



^Nothing turns out permanently of value either in character or 
in performance, which it does not cost blood of mind or blood of 
body, to produce. 

^The human will is of the soul of man, but the supremacy of the 
soul above all physical and mental impulses and powers of man, 
designates that the soul and not the will, is the rightful arbiter of 
all of man's actions, yea really the "master" of his "fate.*' See 
Appended Notes, Nos 5 and 7. 

^Christ's purpose with men "was training them not for obedience 
to commandments, but for free doing of the will of God," which is 
the sum total of life's activities. 

*Love is of a reciprocal expansiveness. It is the life and light 
of the soul. Its objective or correlative elements Invariably controls 
its subject or conscious manifestation. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 51 

spontaneous, is corporately, ethico-religious/ The latter 
itself is again a reflex appropriativeness of "faith'' recon- 
ciliatory, constitutionally involving the whole line of man's 
heredity' and the whole line of his conscious and sub- 
conscious personality, thus qualifying and fitting him, 
statically to live as an individual, and stamping him, 
dynamically, a member of society/ These necessary 
prerogatives of man's being first become of actual service 
to him, when he is liberated from the ''bondage" of sin 
through Baptism which causes a regenerate responsive- 
ness and through the ''grace of faith" administrative," 
becomes outwardly active in "nurture" all pervading."" 



^The necessary condition of participation in the Kingdom of 
God lies, not merely in a new knowledge, but in a new birth; and 
not in a creaturely new birth, through which only a creaturely 
nature would be produced, but in one effected by God's Spirit, 
through which Divine spirit would be produced. — John 3:3-8. 

^Heredity is not entity, force, principle, but a convenient term 
for a genetic relation between successive generations; and inheri- 
tance includes all that the organism is or has to start with in virtue 
of its hereditary relation. 

^Society is ordinarily held together by the "law of compensa- 
tion," inexorable and immutable, which socially seeks to establish 
an equilibrium beneficent, **by rounding off the rough corners of 
human character and filling in the low places to bring the whole 
to a common level. It is no 'respecter of persons.' It binds all 
and favors none." 

*Many a one has mistaken belief for faith. They look alike but 
are widely different. One lives up in the region of the brain, while 
the other dwells dowR in the centre of the heart. One may be 
gotten out of books, while the other is a gift direct from God. 



52 MODERN PROBLEMS 

True ''faith"' thus vitally not only subjects all to the 
Word of God,' but it also, with the reassuring "sacramen- 
tar' participation bodily in the "communion" of the altar, 
socially establishes for all "believers," the standard of 
ethico-religious loyalty "after the Spirit," — which alone 
are capable of completing community ideals that have 
something to give and something to realise.^ Yea, man in 
God meets again man in God. 

Thus applied, both of these sacraments are spiritually 
productive of a definite statical purpose which, through 
the Church* becomes at once both Christo-centric and 
Christo-spheric :'— (1) In conduct itself, — as based (2) 



^The life of Christ Jesus not only maintains the Church, but He 
also continues forever her Providence. 

^Christ and the Holy Scriptures stand or fall together, and wrong 
views of the Scriptures lead to, yea, necessitate, wrong views of 
Christ. As Christ determines the whole history of mankind, so the 
Bible determines the whole history and spiritual life of the Church. 

^Divine ideals reveal objective truth over against all mere sub- 
jective experience interceptive. 

*It is only through the Church that the Christian religion attains 
a distinct stamp of its characteristic features, — can w^ork corpor- 
ately for the whole of humanity, and not merely for a specially 
selected few. 

^Personal religion is chiefly a responsive means to a spiritual 
end; the end is social, — to live; therefore, it never can abandon the 
collective hope of its divine consummation through the Church, as 
the appointed interworld Institution of Incarnate love. Is not there- 
fore the tendency toward re-union, among many of the Christian 
denominations of today, the result of a conscious weariness and 
decay, — of an apparent scepticism as to the reciprocally divine 
value of their several systems? 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 53 

upon revealed standards/ — as verified (3) by an adjust- 
ment of the psychically natural with the transcendently 
eternal, — as confirmed (4) through formulated tests per- 
sonal and sociological : for all of the eternal importance 
and worth of which, intrinsic and defensive, the ''com- 
munion of saints" only and truly furnishes the best proof, 
having as it corporately only does, "the power to solve 
all distinctions, to heal all divisions, to bind together, in 
loving fellowship, minds the most heterogeneous." ' Cor- 
porately and responsively here, therefore, what is most 
intimately personal thus becomes universally human — 
the Christianized ''otherself" subordinates the 'T"^ and 
becomes ''we"; ''my" becomes "our"; "I ought"* takes the 
place of "I will." 

Christian ethics, pedagogy and sociology have there- 
fore nothing directly to do with anything that graciously 
exists between nature and human nature.^ As incre- 
mental sciences of responsive, internally copulative 



^Within every ethical law, as a dual agency, stands the sanctuary 
of the Holy Spirit. 

^Society and the individual alike do not exist of or through 
themselves, but from the spiritual relationships which surround 
both. 

^The "I" is that deity of man's being in action which unites 
and concentrates his every ability. 

* "Ought" refers to something owed; "duty," to something due. 

^Reason here may transcend the ethical sense, may proudly 
refuse to be bound by its utterances, but she can never alter them. 



54 MODERN PROBLEMS 

sequences all three are concerned in the interpretation and 
execution of laws, moral and spiritual, which govern the 
individual tendencies and social activities of man wher- 
ever found/ Each of these sciences has a discernment 
and field of 'Vision,'' a sphere of activity and develop- 
ment of its own. They reciprocally exist not to destroy 
but to fulfill. Thus was the earth created not only as a 
sensible phenomenon, simply to supply man's physical 
wants, but it was also intended for a home of instruction 
in which God Himself is superintending the education of 
the race.^ Again, what here holds true for each individual 
of the human race is equally true of society at large, — 
itself the winnowing ground of humanity, into which 
"every person is born," and under whose Divine laws 
every person is placed "from the cradle to the grave." 
In themselves, as God-given laws, they are in-finiting 



^There is an impotency of evil, — where evil cannot give pleasure 
to that which is "good.'* Evil being neither absolute nor ultimate, 
it consequently has boundaries — banks like a river, beyond which 
it cannot pass. 

2 "The eternal source of phenomena is the source of what we 
see and hear and touch; it is the source of what we call matter, 
but it cannot itself be material. ... In the deepest sense all 
that we really know is mind. . . . What we call the material 
universe is simply an imperfect picture in our minds of a real 
universe of mindstuff. ... In the material universe, the very 
power is the same power that *in ourselves wells up under the form 
of consciousness*." 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 55 

operative witnesses of an unseen destiny, and contain not 
only all that is individual, but also constitute all that is 
socially corporate for time and eternity. 

It is owing to the foregoing laws innate and eternal, 
that man responsively and actually "lives, moves and has 
his being," — wherever there is ethico-religious action 
pedagogically enforced and sociologically applied/ As 
these laws are copulatively essential to man's well-being, 
— responsively basal as to the innate spiritual needs of 
man's being, they are no more to be omitted than is the 
alphabet in the natural school of life. So it should be the 
duty of every preceptor of Christian ideals and serious 
thought, manfully to insist upon and earnestly help to 
apply the same principles in secular instruction that are 
applied in sacred pedagogy. Thus only will educational 
institutions of every kind, by thinking life in its self-realiz- 
ing and cooperative causes, become truly conscious of 
their practical teleological purpose.^ This can be partially 
accomplished by beginning Bible-study* in the public 



^True ideals concerning established institutions and definite 
arrangements of life and of course of action, always produce their 
outward, sensible effects. 

^Every baptized person needs a spiritual atmosphere to breathe 
as truly as he needs the vital air the moment he is born into the 
world. 

^Practically this is possible along historico-biographlcal lines 
sacred and profane. See for particulars under Pedagogical Prob- 
lems, etc. Chapter V. of this work. 



56 MODERN PROBLEMS 

schools in which of late, little by little, almost every ves- 
tige of ethical principles is being eliminated, until the 
thoughtful citizen beholds with concern the portentous 
spectacle of a vast majority of children who are trained 
to use their intellect, but who are given no adequate, re- 
ligious instruction concerning the first duty of man, — "to 
serve God and keep His commandments,"^ — a sad spec- 
tacle indeed to all citizens whose hearts still beat true to 
the eternal principles of the ethico-religious practices of 
earlier and happier days in our country when Christianity 
furnished the incentives and ideals of all common en- 
deavors. Especially is proper training to be desired, when 
we reflect that ninety-five out of every hundred pupils 
in the public schools are in "covenant relation" with 
God through Baptism affiliating.^ The sacrament of Bap- 
tism confers an awakening, realizing corporate-sense 
which, ethico-religiously developed, supplies to every re- 
cipient through "faith" the genetically germane and edu- 
cationally vital ability spiritually for the completion of the 



^All Scripture commandments **are so connected with the pro- 
foundest springs of the spiritual life that they cease to be com- 
mandments and become the natural and spontaneous expression of 
the religious consciousness." 

^Baptism as a rite serves as a bond of union and spiritual means 
of fellowship: "Baptism is not simply water, but it is the water 
comprehanded in God's command and connected with God's Word.** 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 57 

real man socially/ Why not, therefore, begin according 
to the ''correlative" innate endowments and reciprocal 
laws of man's being, which are always ethical in their 
meaning' — away from the sinful ''natural'' things of time, 
and towards the things "spiritual" and eternal? Why 
not? For everything that lives, lives in an environment 
to which it by nature is adapted." Verily, history teems 
with proof that the ethico-religious has been the main- 
spring of the noblest and most patriotic citizenship ever 
known/ 

Pedagogically this is possible in all public educational 
institutions by introducing and enforcing the first prin- 
ciples of the Christian church, supplying as she does the 
divine needs of the human soul, the foundation facts of 
human history. Thus it is she alone who completely rep- 
resents the physical framework and spiritual structure in 



^Thus is man no more the author of his own destiny, than is the 
spider the creator of the fabric of his own web. In every instance 
it is God V^ho supplies the life, means and opportunity: — Who 
especially to man is **all in all," temporal and eternal. 

^Yea, they even structurally subordinate all bonds of kinship 
and of nationality. 

^Life implies an environment, the continuous adjustment of 
external and internal relations. 

^Historical religion always was an agent of social control whose 
God was not appeased by sacrifices and other mere outward ob- 
servances of "the ceremonial law." He requires the offerings of 
"a contrite heart," and his servants "must worship Him in spirit 
and in truth."— Amos 5:23-24; Hosea 8:13; Isa. 1. 



58 MODERN PROBLEMS 

which the entire "natural" and "spiritual" essence and 
life of man are embraced and perfected through the Holy 
Spirit/ The Church is the only divine and human insti- 
tution^ ideal, claiming a living, spiritual embodiment* of 
an over-awing — omnipotent life-power which individ- 
ually and socially does bring happiness and well-being 
corporately alone to man,* embracing as she does the In- 
carnate totality of Spiritual life. She was intended, there- 
fore, from the very creation of man to be not only the 
most sacred of institutions on earth, but also the only 
Divinely-authorized institution* to preach, to teach and to 
propagate the religion of Jesus Christ among men. Hence 
it was to the Church,^ not to the family nor the State, that 



^Through the bestowment of His gifts, Christian consciousness 
fastens itself to the Divine and grips the whole man. 

2 "The crucified Jesus, having ascended to the Father, and being 
now invisible to the senses, is made known to the world through 
His body, which is the Church. Through her His Spirit works, 
the Word is preached,'* and the sacraments are administered. 

^The individual is saved, according to St. Paul's conception of 
the resurrection, only in and through and with the Church and 
her Lord. 

^Ordinarily, "happiness is an agreeable state of our passive 
sensitive nature, bodily or psychical, resulting from our powers 
having their proper objects and being in their proper, healthful 
action." But, the real secret of happiness, like the Kingdom of 
Heaven, is within the soul. 

'^The Church vitally, responsively and corporately is of the ef- 
florescing "life- communion of God with man, and of man with God.** 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 59 

Christ said: ''Go teach all men to observe the things I 
have commanded." 

But since the Church-militant is in the garb of flesh/ 
temporarily of a physical organism through which she 
expresses herself visibly upon the plane of physical life 
and action, she must naturally and almost equally be con- 
cerned with the individual and social, earthly happiness 
and welfare of her membership, — the needs of the tem- 
poral re-acting morally and culturally on the affairs of 
the spiritual. Thus are the relation and attitude which 
the Church-militant properly occupies institutionally to- 
wards "civics" and what constitutes ''moral government," 
clearly indicated, particularly in the United States in 
which most of the public educational institutions for a 
"liberal education" were properly, originally founded and 
grounded upon the "Decalogue,"^ most of the injunctions 



^God not only possesses man "ab intra," but also possesses him 
"ab extra." 

^The Decalogue according to Matthew 22:37-40 is divided into: 
I. Duties of love to God; II. Duties of love to man: — 

1. Command — The obedience of reverence for the Lord's person. 

2. Command — The obedience of reverence for the Lord's name. 

3. Command — The obedience of reverence for the Lord's day. 

4. Command — The obedience of reverence for the Lord's repre- 

sentatives on earth — the parents, etc. 

5. Command — The obedience of reverence for life and human 

responsibility. 

6. Command — The obedience of reverence for fidelity and chas- 

tity. 

7. Command — The obedience of reverence for honesty and honor. 

8. Command — The obedience of reverence for character and rep- 

utation. 

9. Command — The obedience of reverence for property and own- 

ership. 
10. Command — The obedience of reverence for duty and obliga- 
tion. 



60 MODERN PROBLEMS 

of which today have unfortunately been well-nigh for- 
gotten, if not in some institutions of learning wholly 
eliminated from their ''curricula.''^ In these institutions, 
consequently, the students are, — cannot help being, other 
than untrained for good citizenship and the world's in- 
tended work ; and so, to the deep regret of the seriously 
intelligent of every community, the very object for which 
such institutions were originally established — to be pri- 
marily Christian, is defeated. Besides, their whole cur- 
ricula are in spirit affected by an insolent independence in 
which God and morality have actually ceased to be con- 
comitants of their government, — a critical situation in- 
deed, when ''the darkness has become light and the light 
darkness." Here there is a studied ignoring in general 
of what on the other hand ''all history proves . . . 
that nations have fallen and empires have sunk into ob- 
livion not because of economic failure" . . . but be- 
cause the "one inexorable cause of destruction has been 
the failure of the people to apply to their government the 
simple principles of righteousness," — that "righteousness" 
of Incarnate love which is always socially equitable in 
content and intent toward man. Who, therefore, is to be 



^The reason why things sacred and divine no longer command 
reverence is to be sought in the "undue development of human 
self-consciousness, itself chiefly brought about by the intellect, 
with its sense of power and its over weening pride of knowledge.*' 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 61 

held responsible for this most grievous neglect of non- 
adherence to ethical fundamentals, when Esau-like, 
schools have for money sold their birthright: — ''loyalty, 
fearlessness, independence, self-respect and absolute con- 
secration to the truth?'' 

Though the ''American people are exceedingly jealous 
of freedom and suspicious of anything that seems like 
an encroachment of civil authority on spiritual dominion" ; 
yet, "conversely, they would resent with all power at their 
command any attempt of ecclesiastical organization to 
control the action of the civil government/' But this 
recognition of the separate spheres of the two dominant 
forces of order, does not preclude the understanding of 
their mutual dependence. A free Church is impossible 
without a free State. A free State cannot long survive 
without a free Church* "Liberty of conscience is abso- 
lutely dependent upon the extent to which that conscience 
enters into civic affairs or to what extent the morality 
that is fostered by free religion is reflected in the govern- 
ment of the State."' 



^Separation of the Church from State by no means involves the 
omission of godliness among either statesmen who govern or the 
people who are governed. As a God-fearing nation, it is the 
opiii on of many that there should be, in the very Preamble to 
our Federal Constitution, a specific recognition of the existence of 
a Supreme Being, as there is now in the Constitution of the State 
of Pennsylvania. 



62 MODERN PROBLEMS 

It is for the want of an ethical anchorage and science 
true/ according to theo-pedagogical principles, that most 
of the modern ''educational systems" as agencies, are for- 
ever changing, — neither vocational, nor professional nor 
cultural, — wholly irreverent and monotonous in "meth- 
ods" as is the Chinaman's ''opposite" pedagogically arbi- 
trary, — altogether at enimity with God and man because 
all the invention of the "natural" man who is developed 
here intellectually only, — thus spiritually unregenerate,' 
incapable of performing in the ethico-religious processes 
of objective existence, primarily, fundamental, determina- 
tive and expository. This accounts partially for the pres- 
ent agitation among Christian educators who are advo- 
cating an ethico-rational simplification and improvement 
of every course of study, in the various grades of the 
different departments of education. Indeed, the need of 
divine ideals and regard of eternal principles are being 
more and more recognized everywhere, socially and indi- 
vidually. 

Historians are frankly acknowledging that the nations 



^ "Science is a research into the physical constitution of things, 
into whatever gives them body or existence, and so relates them 
to our intelligence.*' Science, in fact, guards the natural pedigree 
of existence. 

HVith the "spiritual" left out, the highest flight to which human 
knowledge attains is no more than a metaphor. For, it is the 
spiritual which incrementally and culturally is the animating 
principle of man's being. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 63 

which have won greatness and kept it, are those moved 
by a spirit which makes rehgion the essence of their 
patriotism/ Obviously, it is thus that man's capabiHties 
are gauged by his ethico-reHgious endowments in what 
is his by ''nature" and in what is his by "grace'' which 
require education. Therefore, if the citizen and the 
Christian are to be united in one person for Hf e's work, — 
are to become saving parts of the success and well-being 
of a ''representative" government of "free states" sup- 
ported by "a free Church" in a free country, the con- 
scientious citizen must see that the most effective way of 
putting religion into citizenship is by putting the require- 
ments of good citizenship into religion. For, religion 
establishes its truth not through a reduction to general 
conceptions, but only through its development and ef- 
fects. This work can be started most effectively through 
the agency of the public schools in which ninety-five teach- 
ers out of every hundred employed are Christians. 

Still, the Christian church is triumphing more and 
more among the nations ; and "the kingdoms of the world 
shall become the Kingdom of our Lord and His 



*The ethical conflicts which triumph are of the basic life- 
process spiritual and eternal. 



64 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Christ.''" Ever since the fourth century of the Christian 
era, it is unquestionably she who has been fixing the stan- 
dard for all nations that are seeking after ''righteousness" 
and are anxious to survive. It is she who, by the right 
of Heaven and in God's stead, gives pledges, the world 
over, to all the baptized, whether physically sound or 
not. It is she who will, until the end of time, announce 
also to all possessing ''faith," that they are inheritors of 
"the Kingdom of Heaven,"^ no matter whether in the eyes 
of the world morally responsible or not. 

Indeed, parents and sponsors die and governments pass 
away ; but she — the Church of the Incarnate totality of 
Spiritual life — cannot pass away nor die, — cannot escape 
her responsibility: Consequently, the Church, of all or- 
ganizations and institutions on earth,^ is the only one that 



^The Church's valid mission is to sanctify or set apart to God an 
earthly seed. Thie she must do in one of two ways: By giving her 
adherents either a figurative or a real conservation, either a formal 
or a substantial righteousness; a purely literal or else a purely 
spiritual sanctity. She cannot do both; because form and sub- 
stance, letter and spirit, have nothing in common, or admit only 
an inverse never direct congruity. They correspond of course, but 
only by inversion, never by continuity; a^ the shell of a nut corre- 
sponds to its kernel, or a glove to the hand. 

^This is after a believer becomes a lover of the Church, — after 
the beloved Church herself actively appears in his life» that he is 
assured of a "place'* in the "Father's House." 

^The Church ceases to exist wherever the history, the doctrines, 
and the benevolent activities of Christ Jesus are disregarded. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 65 

has spiritual concern in and begins with the very young, 
even in their "mothers' arms/' — that is actually seeking 
to win over all of every age, — and is therefore thoroughly 
competent to educate and train by Divine authority, the 
nations which are anxious to survive, by doing the Fath- 
er's "will on earth as it is done in Heaven."^ Yet, it is 
not that the Church is in need of the world, but the world 
is in need of the Church ; as she is the only capable and 
divinely appointed corporate caretaker of the whole of 
each man's being as well as that of the entire race/ There- 
fore, it is she too who has favored mankind in every 
age with a correct knowledge of the Creator, God and 
Preserver; who through prophets and apostles has really 
taught all such as "will,"* to serve, reverence and worship 
Him acceptably : — thus to be always personally conscious 



nt is through "faith" only that a Christian wills to make his 
belief a part of his life, — thus spiritually passes out of his indi- 
vidual sphere of intellectual assent and activity into the social 
sphere of vital Christianity. The original meaning of "faith'* was 
"faithfulness.*' 

2The differences between most of the Christian denominations 
today are no longer a conflict of life-power with life-power, but a 
warfare of doctrine with doctrine, a contention of polity with polity. 
Obviously, there are possibilities for churches to have much "re- 
ligion" and no Christianity, in fact to become spiritually bankrupt. 

*It is the will which bestows warmth, fixedness and constancy. 



66 MODERN PROBLEMS 

of His presence and omnipotent support in all their en- 
deavors, duties and blessings throughout life and in eter- 
nity. Man cannot exist apart from God. 

All this was specially done for man's sake ; because he, 
as an ethico-religious being, had not so fallen as to be a 
devil, all evil in nature, or to be a beast, altogether indif- 
ferent to what is ''good.'' He is consequently continued 
still as human, — the only being possessed of endowments 
and possibilities cooperative and divinely unifying, — spir- 
itually responsible and accountable therefore to both God 
and man. As it is into a social organization that man is 
born, so to society, next to God, he is under obligations.^ 
Society organically extricating, becomes to him likewise 
the sole channel of "law" and of "knowledge" — truth 
ensouling^ — furnishing reciprocal experiences which are 
by nature and being what man is by nature and being, 
individually and socially. They are spiritually immutable 
and obligatory, — accomplishing for the entire man and 
race according to what man is by "nature" and what he 
becomes by "grace" through "faith,"— with love aglow 



^The responsibilities of man are always obligatory in proportion 
to his capacities and opportunities. 

^Truth as harmony has a pre-existing immutable essence and 
spiritual life. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 67 

and mercy glorified in Christ Jesus/ All this is because 
of His incarnation embracing as it does, not only all the 
''faithful" of every race and age, but also the surety of 
their resurrection and translation into ''the new Heaven 
and the new earth'' of eternal bliss and glory. 

The influences of society therefore in its general rela- 
tion even, are very distinct and manifest: (1) It tells 
upon every member as an instructor in the nature of 
"good," — as a source of councils of perfection, through 
the influence of law. (2) A second influence is that of 
"knowledge"'' as handed down from generation to gener- 
ation, primarily, by the voice of God ; again, by the sacred 
penmen of the inspired Scriptures ; and in succeeding cen- 
turies by creeds and traditions, all confirmatory and cor- 
rective. 

In regard to the influence of law : — "her seat is in the 
bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the world. All 
things in Heaven do her homage — the very least as f eel- 



^There is no gain to man as he struggles, suffers and lives, 
merely to link himself to his equals. This latter accounts also for 
the non-amalgamation of human interests or concerns, by purely 
human effort or organization. Again, it explains why individual 
stands against individual, vocation against vocation, nation against 
nation, race against race. 

^Knowledge does not develop itself out of experience, but only 
in contact with experience and that which application brings man 
by pursuing chosen paths to the end. 



68 MODERN PROBLEMS 

ing her care, and the greatest as not exempted from her 
power; both angels and men and the creatures of what 
condition soever, though each in different sort and man- 
ner, yet all with uniform consent, admire her as the 
mother of their peace and joy." And whilst the law is the 
ruling principle in each and all of the above unchanging 
form of society,' yet, not one of them, nor all of them 
together, are a standard of themselves, but solely and 
wholly in God and His attributes. In the family, it is 
the law of Love ; in the nation, the law of Justice ; in the 
Church, the law of Holiness — a threefold division of the 
One Spirit of all Law, in one agreeing and uniting, in the 
activities and ideals of the higher-transcendent life with 
its control of environing conditions and needs. "Not by 
might nor by power, but by My Spirit, saith the Lord." 
It is thus that society becomes the ethical embodiment 
of laws; they speak to all classes and individuals alike, 
reaching even the child on its mother's knees, — and this 
not by ''knowledge" nor by "wisdom" nor by "deep pene- 

^True Christian society extricates the spiritual elements in con- 
sciousness, from the merely common or natural elements; then 
such a thorough reduction of the latter to the spontaneous sub- 
serviency of the former under the influence of the Church; as will 
amount practically to a perfect society or fellowship among men: 
which fellowship or society thus, accordingly avouches itself as 
the innermost scope and meaning of man's Providential destiny 
on earth. 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 69 

tration/' but by ''law'' cooperative and 'love'' adjustmen- 
tal. For Calvary has not blotted out Sinai ; the "law" is 
to continue to inspire the soul, — the spiritual mind/ to 
penetrate to the "correlative" facts and forces which inter- 
cept and yet are not experienced by the senses, — to incite 
and re-inspire the "faithful" to right action and divine 
service, and accordingly to set and follow holy example 
in the midst of all the tumult and struggle of the surface- 
world. 

The "thou shalt not's" are intended therefore not only 
for the disciplining of the inner, individual self, but also 
as a prohibitory warning to the outer, social self against 
violations, disappointments and failures.^ These precepts 



^It is in the relationship of physical man with man pneumatically, 
that lies the gain of corporate life encompassing and binding all. 

2 " 'Don't preach doctrines, preach Christ,* is the advice some- 
times given to preachers. But how it is possible to preach Christ 
and not preach doctrines is a puzzle which the astute adviser must 
be permitted to answer. How is it possible to preach Christ and 
make no account of His v/onderful birth? How preach Christ 
and make no account of the purpose of His coming into the world? 
How preach Christ and make no account of His relation to His 
Father? How preach Christ and make no account of His testimony 
concerning Himself? How preach Christ and make no allusion to 
the purpose of His miracles? How preach Christ and fail to enforce 
the lesson taught by each? How preach Christ and make no 
account of His death or of His resurrection? How preach Christ 
and make no account of His intercessory office 'at the right hand 
of the Father'?" 



70 MODERN PROBLEMS 

are again enforced and re-interpreted in the Lord's prayer. 
The first three petitions concern the ethical, individual 
self ; the last three, the religious, social self, and each and 
all are dependent for execution upon the life supporting, 
physical needs of man, — summarized under the expres- 
sion, ''daily bread." How significant and suggestive, too : 
there can be no perfection nor victory save through cru- 
cifixion. To this end man is constitutionally framed, ex- 
ternal nature responds and society directs, — all being but 
appliances and means by which God the Father,^ the stan- 
dard of all ''good,'' effecting the perfect life in its every 
adjustment, is brought nigh to each "inquirer'' through 
the awakening of man's ethico-religious latent or dormant 
energies; and so help by "faith" as a "co-worker" to 
complete, in Christ Jesus, "love" triumphant.^ All this 
is through the Father's love which thus brings, not only 
the particular "correlative" elements of man's being into 
secure relationship and directs life from stage to stage in 
its progress, but it also raises the relationship out of its 



^See Appended Notes, No. 6. 

^A religion that would appeal to the universal heart must not be 
merely "this-worldly" nor "other-worldly. *' It must be "both- 
worldly." It would be hard to improve St. Paul's definition: 
"profitable unto all things, having promise of the life that now is 
and of that which is to come." 



THEIR ETHICAL SOLUTIONS 71 

original isolation and produces a new corporate life and 
a heavenly environment/ 

The first subjective entrance here through the "new- 
ness of life'' personally on the pathway of ''law" is by the 
ethical road of the "conscience/' itself the spiritually 
natural ear and eye for the Heavenly voice and light ; and 
upon which "the entire economy of salvation of the Old 
Testament was founded/' Next come "the affections" 
bringing larger possessions, keener pleasure and wider 
liberty. By them God the Father works socially among 
the races of mankind by what is termed "tradition" : "The 
power that is in society by which, if any knowledge of 
God is communicated to it, it shall pass down from one 
generation to another, and be retained as water in a chan- 
nel, and influence men, even when they are wholly uncon- 
scious of its workings/'^ Wardens true ! For they jointly 
effect a most beneficent civic and religious arrangement of 
Providence for the benefit of every human sphere of 
activity the world round. 

Their constructive and defensive-responsive influences 
may be likened to a cord made up of three strands, — to a 



*It is thus that "love'* spontaneously becomes the dominant 
part of man's life. Religiously, it teaches man to make a life and 
not merely to toil for a living. 

2 "Life passes through three stages of a basal, a struggling, and 
an overcoming spirituality." 



72 MODERN PROBLEMS 

perennial stream from three sources : From the home in 
which the parent is the authorized priest ; from the nation 
in which the statesman is the authorized magistrate ; from 
the Church in which the pastor is the authorized teacher. 
No other can possibly fill their offices nor perform those 
duties that are peculiarly theirs to accomplish. Thus law, 
conscience and tradition become but varying manifesta- 
tions of "God in History'' Who, aforetime was the God 
of eternity, and after the birth of His Son, became the 
God of Heaven, through the Spirit's task and movement, 
embracing everything, from God within to God over all. 



CHAPTER III. 

Psychical Problems and Their Solutions. 

Only the nations whose subjects have lived upon the 
loftiest ethico-religious plane/ not those that have simply 
attained to the highest educational development/ — are the 
sovereignties which in modern times have acquired per- 
manency and constantly increasing ascendency in the 
world's noblest achievements. Such an ethico-religious 
system is undeniably the only one whose operations are 



^ "There cannot ... "be a religious philosophy: it is a con- 
tradiction in terms. Philosophy may be occupied about the same 
problems as religion; but it employs altogether different criteria, 
and depends on altogether different principles. Religion may and 
should call in philosophy to its aid; but in so doing it assigns to 
philosophy only the subordinate office of illustrating, reconciling, 
or applying its dogmas." 

*Ancient Greece, the first of the four great "universal empires," 
notwithstanding her peerless works of art, the universal physical 
development of her people and their intellectual powers in forum, 
in strategic ability on the field of battle, etc., fell before her Roman 
conquerors. Why? For the same reason that those conquerors 
were afterwards overthrown: indulgence in enervating, selfish 
luxury and Godless occupations. "The fool hath said in his heart, 
there is no God." The Bible and modern history, as well as 
ancient, perfectly agree. Decadence of nation and individual ensue 
with all who live for self. 



74 MODERN PROBLEMS 

ever evolving/ as a first product, eternal ideals and con- 
tributing to intellectual culture consonant with spiritual 
standards of ''Good." In adopting the latter, man as a 
''free agent" becomes conscious of that experience which 
shall harmonize with the divine, — with the result that he 
shall be rendered capable of applying, in the light of the 
Trinity, in all relationships, the historical wisdom evinced 
in right selection.^ Providentially, everything of rights 
divine and of duties human enter into such relations and 
returns, as does the earth itself, to its appointed place. 
Therefore there is no "passing away" of anything that 



^The *'ethicar* is the spontaneous spiritually equipmental, ever 
present central, organizing and unifying activity of the human soul. 
•*As a conception it is one of the primordial axioms of the mind, 
a law of thought; as a sense or practical principle, it is ever present 
to the consciousness in our action, and we cannot attempt to set it 
aside without assuming it and proceeding upon it as the very basis 
of our action." 

^The philosophy of Pythagoras was founded upon conscience 
and reason, as natural moral and governing powers. "His was a 
famous instance of this. The Greek letter upsilon, X» similar in 
form to the Elnglish Y, was considered by him to be a *deep mys- 
tery.* Here the student will see that in the figure of the letter Y 
there is one path dividing into two, one to the right and the other 
to the left. The 'mysterious* meaning of it, then, is that at each 
moment of a man's life he is at the angle of the fork, — two paths 
before him, one of duty, leading to happiness, the other of that 
which is wrong, and leading to misery; that this position is a 
perpetual and constant position for each man from birth to death, 
and that the commencement of Good is for him ever into the one 
path instead of the other.** 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 75 

actually belongs to "the children of the Kingdom"; for, 
in its consummation is found the essence of all reality 
toward God and all constancy toward humanity. 

However, while God controls, yet He does not compel. 
Therefore purposes individual and social and national, 
alike ambitious,^ are of particular significance and value 
to man only in certain contingencies, — only so far as 
choice* and organism on his part are incrementally the 
will of God, and so in person and government, ideally 
unite him and his as consecrated "co-laborers" with God. 
But even in these cases, impulse and choice and organism 
are capable of effecting a divine union only after their 
ethico-religious experiences,* — after they corporately, in 
all their affiliations receive a social transformation and 
conserving application through that "piety" whose soul- 
influence is an objective reverence enforced by a subjec- 
tive devotion :— When the absolute supremacy of "good- 

^The mind ordinarily is the self-conscious, self-determining, dis- 
criminating faculty which takes note of what is going on without 
and within man. It is allied volitionally with the * 'heart'* and the 
"understanding," and is accordingly capable of observing and 
judging of the actions of man: — his character and conduct accord- 
ing to ethico-religious standards. 

^Choice is to the will intellectually but a means to the end, and 
only when the "means are justified by the end" of "faith," is it 
really "righteous" volition. 

'There is nothing else in man that can take the place of personal 
experience. 



A 



76 MODERN PROBLEMS 

ness" and ''righteousness," above all other interests, is 
manifest through loyalty, and so made to become affirm- 
ative as the Will whose object is universal Love, and in 
the subjugation to which under "Grace," men's wills be- 
stowing warmth and constancy,^ find the law of their 
actual lives/ 

Hence, it is this conscious quest* of a ''correlative" 
grace-endeavor, spiritually exercised, which transforms 
every natural concern into an eternal correspondence,* 
harmonizing with the transcendent "faith-life" and its 
idealizing laws, which historically alone can raise the 
ethical to religion, — to the religion of "righteousness" 
infiniting,^ which is of the will, being and nature of God 
Himself, and therefore altogether independent of em- 
pirical "signs and wonders,"' through which self-adjusting 



^Three functions have been ascribed to the human will: — pur- 
pose, choice and volition, which are all active and determinative to 
the degree to which the heart and will themselves are consciously 
capable of grasping, controlling and executing that which they set 
out to do in the outer world. 

2The whole world of spiritual facts is determined by laws, just 
as much as is the physical. 

^The value of human life consists in being ideally conscious and 
social. 

*It is through the mentality of "faith" that man mutually attains 
to a spiritual adjustment with the Spirit. The special attribute of 
the flower, is beauty; of music, is harmony; of day, is light. 

^"Righteousness" is practical godliness. Both find their only 
true fulfillment as Christ taught in the social sentiment, the senti- 
ment of human brotherhood. — Matt. 7:12. 

^'Empirical knowledge can with no propriety of speech be made 
to include fact of life or consciousness, being confined wholly to 
facts of sense or memory. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 77 

and unifying bonds all the ''faithfur' have ever been 
and are continued and sustained on earth in relations ideal 
as brothers and co-workers under their supreme Head, — 
in the transcendent state of reaHty/ in which all that is 
mortal shall ''put on immortality'' and even "death is 
swallowed up in victory." 

This is the portion of all saints that have walked by 
''faith" and are aHve in Christ Jesus," who are translated 
and numbered with the "elect," privileged to enjoy the 
blessings of that higher Hfe and realm of bliss found in 
the "Kingdom of Heaven" only.' In this unique and most 
glorious of all Kingdoms, which has both its beginning 
and ending by virtue of the living "Son of Man," its sole 
King, — every congregate human intercourse ceases to be 
thought of as strictly organic, but is instead looked upon 



^The sole realm of reality for man is the realm of consciousness. 

2"To learn what we can of God as a moral being and of our 
relations to Him, is the work of the intellect. If God is not mere 
force, but a Person, and our moral Maker and Governor, He must 
personally have rights, and we must have duties towards Him. We 
are in relations with God, and Himself is essential to the com- 
pleteness of our moral individuality and of the moral society, as 
the idea of God is the essential underlying principle of all thought. 
This region of our relations toward God is the field of religion, and 
religion is thus shown to be ethical or a branch of .ethics, — is mor- 
ality towards God." 

*The "Heavenly" becomes built up exactly in the measure of 
man's yielding through faith to the "spiritual" in his being. 



78 MODERN PROBLEMS 

as of a miraculous/ apocalyptic order, with special em- 
phasis and approval on the aspect of ideal relationships in 
which sanctified human possibilities continue to improve 
and broaden, — spiritually and corporately are perfected 
and so translated associationally in achievements all-glori- 
ous and everlasting. 

Heavenly rewards are all these to such as 'VilF'^ to 
act through "faith," not merely in their divine outlines, 
but likewise in their social Connections and in their indi- 
vidual details : — In their divine outlines, as the criteria of 
laws natural and laws spiritual/ in their associations as 
the principle of harmony between the physical and psycho- 
logical/ in their individual details, as the incremental 



^In this sense the Jewish and Christian religions are in strong 
contrast with all other systems of religion and morality that have 
in any age attracted the attention of followers or worshipers and 
prevailed to any appreciable extent. Both the Jewish and Christian 
religions were attested by miracles: the former under Moses when 
he assumed the leadership of the children of Israel in Egypt; and 
the latter through Jesus Christ while on earth, yea, even afterwards 
by His apostles and disciples. 

^The human will is one of three leading faculties of the soul. 
The other two are the intellect and the emotions. 

^Laws are but a formal manifestation of the manner in which 
causes act protectively. 

*"So, in the depths of the soul's life, the arrangements and re- 
arrangements of units go on, — in perception clear or vague, in 
judgment wise or foolish, in memories gay or sad, in sordid or 
lofty trains of thought, in gusts of anger or thrills of love." Yet 
deep down and beyond these units, — below their subconscious- 
activities and back of the soul's every mood, one hears the spiritual 
undertone of the ethico-religious, hallowed purpose of life. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 79 

sanction of the functions of religion/ in mould so grand 
and in character so lofty, that even the world is involun- 
tarily compelled to acknowledge it — the only inspired 
religion, — from the 'Very God'' Himself, — the all-glori- 
ous religion of incarnate Love, in realms celestial, in 
which none of earth's betrayals or tragedies are ever 
retold. 

Thus it is that the supreme end of all human beings of 
the copulative ''breath-life" of God, in adaptations spir- 
itual,^ becomes ethico-religiously one and essentially the 
same in the realms of pure ideals and Heavenly "visions." 
But, they are for an abiding-place only unto such ethical 
beings as are personally ruled and guided by souls* "spir- 
itually" moulded in desires and thoughts made responsive 
through "faith" : Who by the "grace of faith" are "bom 
again from above" ; born "of water and the spirit" ; born 
"not of blood, nor the will of the flesh, nor of the will of 
man, but of God ; born again, not of corruptible seed but 



^To convert spiritual life entirely into movement — split it up 
into numerous separate states, is to destroy its beyond-time origin, 
order and permanency. 

^The adaptations show the final goal. 

*"The primeval origin of the human soul is different from that 
of the soul of brutes, because it was made not of an elementary 
material, as the soul of brutes, but divinely breathed into the body 
formed from the earth. Therefore, to the body there is ascribed 
'palsis' — the being moulded from the dust of the earth, but to the 
soul the immediate 'empneusis,' — inspiration of God.'* 



80 MODERN PROBLEMS 

of incorruptible, by the Word of God, Which liveth and 
abideth forever." Hence they are for those only who 
copulatively become conscious of the ''new birth" in de- 
velopment of a characteristic spiritual order, and so are 
made partakers and ''joint heirs" of the "realities" of that 
new life or condition of eternal things which makes, of all 
such, "new creatures" of new activities and new experi- 
ences/ Yea, they are the adjusted — those of the Spirit- 
"blessed" who are possessed of and translated into the 
mysterious incarnation life of Christ Jesus, — itself an 
eternal glorification "in its conception and birth, in its 
qualities and manifestations, in its substance and power." 
Consequently, if there is a spiritual life, as well as a 
natural life,* how otherwise can man possibly enter into 
that without being born spiritually, any more than he 
could enter into the natural world without being bom 
naturally? There is, therefore, here absolutely no sub- 
stitute for the "new birth," not only as to the door of 
entrance into the "divine life," but also as to its incre- 



^It is the experience connected with spiritual soul-knowing 
which makes the knowing our own. 

^The Transcendent is the realm of pure ideals; the earth is the 
realm of thought forms. "Thought is a vital principle which shapes 
the form; the form is the sensible image which displays the 
thought." 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 81 

mental psychical energy* ethically germane to and religi- 
ously capable of stimulating and employing all of man's 
faculties. In fact, psychologically' these gifts are of in- 
finite importance to man, the very source, and foundation 
of his every capacity, mental, moral and spiritual, in the 
concerns of time and for the senses, even religiously and 
here,* primarily, it is through the ''pneuma" of the soul of 
man re-enforced by the ''psychic" of the spirit of man, 
that the soul is rendered panscopic,* and thus qualifies all 
the elements composing the human body to become the 
''organ" of man's being. This "organ" of a dynamic 
whole, again in conjunction with the soul in its modes 
of action, expresses and reveals itself first, intuitionally,* 



^''Energy is not a guiding or controlling entity at all, it is a 
thing to be guided." 

2The soul lapses into falsity — religiously deteriorates as soon 
as it is separated from its God-intended spiritual spheres of activity. 
See "Analysis of the Soul" under Appended Notes Nos. 5 and 7. 

'Infinity belongs to the very root of religion. 

***Man does not possess a soul, but he is a soul. A soul is a 
breathing, sentient being, as we read: 'God formed men of the 
ground — (the dust was not conscious) and breathed into his nos- 
trils the breath of life (nor was the breath conscious) and man 
became a living soul (which was conscious). — Gen. 2:7. The soul 
is the being, the thing, the go, that results from the uniting of the 
elements composing the body with the breath of life. It is the 
soul that is the conscious being. There is a difference between 
having a steam engine and being a steam engine, even so there is 
a wide difference between being a soul and having one." 

^Intuition is the primary stage of intellectuality. 



82 MODERN PROBLEMS 

through the conscience^ which synthetically in energies 
far excels all other human faculties, in the scope of its 
moral activities and the weight of its religious concerns, 
commanding and prohibitory;^ yea, upon the judiciary 
presence of which ''the entire economy of salvation in the 
Old Testament was founded/'^ 

Still, whilst the conscience is of the "correlative" orig- 
inal constitution of man, and consequently capable of pro- 
pounding much which points towards individual integrity 
and social symmetry, yet it is not, exclusively, the ethical 
sense or that which alone has a natural as well as a spir- 
itual perception of ''good/'* Maturing "reason" also per- 



^Conscience is an intellectual faculty, — relatively cognitive 
power perceptive. See Frontispiece chart, under ''Ethical." 

2A11 the human faculties should be divided on subjective, not on 
objective, grounds. 

^Love is the heart of the Jewish as well as the Christian religion. 
Relatively, the latter springs from the first and is conditioned by it. 

*"The idea of 'good' is primarily a demand. It is this require- 
ment or demand that first sets us up seeking to bring objects into 
existence, in which some sort of abiding satisfaction may be found; 
it is only in contemplation of the objects as in some measure rea- 
lized or in process of realization, that the demand arrives at any 
clear consciousness of itself, or that it can yield the idea of some- 
thing as truly good in contrast with something else that is not so. 
Among the objects thus brought into existence by demand for satis- 
faction of an abiding self, — in this contemplation first supplying 
some definite content of the idea of true permanent good, most 
primitive and elementary, are those that contribute to the supplying 
of the wants of a family, — to keep its members alike and com- 
fortably alive." The capacity renders possible the family bond and 
the well-being of all its members, — the race in general. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 83 

ceives that which is individually necessary and proper. 
In adolescence "the affections" likewise perceive what is 
socially righteous and sacred in reference to a future ac- 
countability to God. In truth, the conscience as ''the 
ethical quality in action" here, may be likened to a line; 
and as no line can be both straight and crooked, so no 
kind of tendency or sentiment can be both "good and evil." 
Consequently, that which is "good" in this world will be 
accounted "good" in the next, and that which now con- 
stitutes "goodness" and "holiness" in Christ Jesus, will 
constitute "goodness" and "holiness" and "righteousness"" 
throughout eternity. There is therefore but one spiritual 
principle of judgment or reward^ to be applied to all 
human actions on earth, whether individual or social, 
national or racial, towards God or humanity. 

Thus, all activities of man become "conscientious con- 
duct" from the first moment that the ethico-religious in- 
clinations which express the "pneuma"-"likeness" tenden- 
cies of the soul, gain a larger place in the sphere of human 
intelligence,^ and so make it capable of formulating defi- 

^Conscience is generated to play a part analogous to that per- 
formed by the sense of pain in the lower stages of life, to keep man 
from wrong doing, and so to become a "schoolmaster" through 
the "Law," to lead him unto Christ. 

^By intelligence knowledge is received' and comprehended, dis- 
tinctions are made and choice is possible. 



84 MODERN PROBLEMS 

nite ideals* and agencies and hence, of deliberately work- 
ing out its own pre-ordained standardized destiny terres- 
trial and celestial. In this sense it is that, of ''conscientious 
conduct,'' it may be predicated : Of ''conscience," — it is 
to shut out from evil by ''prohibiting,"^ and thus to sur- 
round man with the "good" f of "reason," — it gives for 
its cause the immediate and entire advantage of the per- 
son; of "the affections," — these enjoin having assigned 
them a reason in reference to society. All these attributes 
again, to be effectual, are dependent upon the "will,"* 
"free" not of itself but through the wilier — as man gives 
heed to "the preached Word," and through "faith"^ re- 
sponsively obeys the same, and so acts in obedience to the 
"correlative" and appropriating Incarnation life; yea, 
which in fact first make "the promises" even of God 
appear worthy of credence/ 



^It is the spiritually ideal which causes sympathy and brings 
harmony. 

2See Frontispiece Chart under "Ethical." 

^Social good is ^'always a mutual and distributive good." 

*Upon the will ordinarily depends the sum total of all our per- 
formances, — under the guidance of reason, and because of the 
motives furnished by the various emotions, sentiments and desires. 
The will is the "freedom" of a man, — by means of which, if he 
chooses, he ceases to be the sport of nature and impersonal forces. 

^"Saving faith" is always responsive, reciprocal and reconcilia- 
tory; and in its operations under the influence of the Holy Spirit 
nurtured through the "means of grace," it becomes pneumatically 
vivifying and segregationally propagative. 

*See Frontispiece Chart, on "Faith." 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 85 

But it is only when the ''renewed'' conscience, reason 
and the affections effect changes ''image''-like, through 
"faith''-wilHng/ that the seat of activity of man's being' 
copulatively is shifted by the spiritual influence of the soul 
of man under the in-finiting psychic control of the spirit 
of man, thereby providing man with a corresponding per- 
sonal identity and inaugurating at the same time reforms 
which become revolutionary and often startling, — here 
first socially are always adjustmental, along religious lines, 
to the varying conditions of life and a consequent show- 
ing forth individually of ''the fruits of the Spirit." On 
man's part it is thus that he becomes self conscious of the 
reconciliation which frees him from the "law of sin and 
death," and bespeaks for him the personal justification 
by "faith," wrought out and perfected in Redemp- 

ilt is for man to have "faith," to do the believing, and not God; 
for man also to "know" of the "truth" which embraces the knowl- 
edge of relations existing between God and nature, between beings 
and things. 

^All the reciprocal activities of the soul are material for the 
will spiritually developed, to govern and use. 



86 MODERN PROBLEMS 

tion/ All of this is through the operations of the Holy- 
Spirit whereby, the varacious consciousness of the soul's 
outbirth thus sustained/ is so authoritatively not only 
brought upward and inward to the plane of the sphere of 
the ''pneuma'' of the spirit of man; but also through the 
"pneuma"' of the soul of man, brought outward and 
downward to the plane of the ''sarx^'-sphere of the sen- 
tient man.* Yea, though the ''image'' of man be *'marred," 
almost beyond recognition, yet, it is still there reciprocally. 



^Chiist Jesus "was able to make atonement for all because the 
Godhead which was inseparably united to the manhood in Him, 
made everything that Jesus suffered of infinite account. His 
eternal God-head imparted such dignity to the human nature He 
had taken upon Himself, that the sufferings of that nature effected 
a world's ransom. That Christ's nature was so constituted after 
His resurrection, that it could be inparted," — become a fountain 
of healing, — "is expressly asserted in I. Cor. 15:45; *the first Adam 
was made a living soul, the last Adam was made a quickening, 
i. e., life-imparting spirit'." Thus is Christ's raised body, pos- 
sessed of properties which are incorruptible, glorious, powerful 
to man's body through the infused life and strength of the Second 
Adam's incarnation under the power of the Holy Spirit; trans- 
formed, as the plant clothed with leaves and fiowers surpasses the 
apparently lifeless seed. — John 14:16-20; 15: 1-10. 

'The psychical articulation of man's body is by contact with 
its peculiar and varying environrp.ent. 

^The pneumatic quality of the soul when leading, objectively 
effects "the mind of the spirit" which "is life and peace." Rom. 8:6. 

*Yet, God's plan of salvation does not embrace any scheme what- 
ever for the improvement of the flesh. The only provisions made 
for it are crucifixion and mortification. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 87 

even with its ''likeness'^-capacity by which God's Spirit 
within works God's providence without/ 

These divine and human regulatives of the soul all 
most wonderful, ''potentially in bodily form/' to lead the 
low-born, the over-trained, and the down-trodden alike, 
are historically reahzed only under ''Grace" and through 
the consciousness of "faith." Particularly is this true of 
the persons in whom these first communicate with the 
"intellect," then approach the "emotions,"' and finally 
reach the "volition," — are thus dynamically enabled to 
reflect everything that is vitally and eternally significant 
in relation to God, in the heart, mind and soul of every 
human being "fearfully and wonderfully made."' Al- 



^No series of pure sensations can reciprocally produce a general 
**idea" in an intelligent being. They of themselves as phenomena, 
simply leave traces of the sensible object upon the understanding 
which, by means of the responsiveness of memory become opera- 
tive and so connect the sensations with each other. These, in their 
combination, by repetition, become in turn expressive of psychical 
principles which shape the form; and the form again, by exciting 
the sensible image, through the imagination, displays "ideas" in 
"trains" and "series" which, by further inosculation or inherent 
union with each other, — like tubular vessels in an animal body, — 
become productive of "thoughts," and so combine the subjective 
immanent with the objective reflective. The understanding thus 
extends itself to a world of possibilities and realities, and there 
discovers the necessary relation existing between beings of the 
same type and their respective environment of God's determination. 

^An "emotion" necessarily shows the close connection between 
mind and body. 

^See Appended Notes, Nos. 7 and 8. 



88 MODERN PROBLEMS 

though the foregoing spiritual soul-forces in their respec- 
tive character-formations are as different as are the 
fancies of dreams distinct from clear consciousness; yet 
it is through their reciprocal presence, activity and con- 
tinuity that the soul is capable of refining the senses in 
animal organism and giving divine dignity to the human 
body, to which even the angels paid homage, when "the 
Word," by assuming it, "was made flesh," — "Immanuel," 
the Incarnate life-source and glory for humanity. 

In a measure, therefore, "What the soul is to the life 
of the body, that it is to it out of the body, not indeed 
from the immortality of its own nature, — for in that case 
beasts" also "would be immortal" ; but from its in-finiting 
connection "with the spirit" of man,^ which is really the 
"true ground of man's immortal life, as it is by this that" 
he actually is "conjoined to the Deity, the great and only 
foundation of life."' It is only this God-given, human. 



^Since there are capacities and capabilities of the human 
''spirit" corporeally not realizable under any human form of society, 
God in His goodness and mercy originated the Church as a sancti- 
fied organization visible, for the completion of the "correlative" 
attainments of his children. Whereby every human being "born 
anew of water and the Spirit," is thus copulatively and corporately 
to continue forever in God, through Jesus Christ, our Saviour. 

^Thus is the soul of man enabled redemptionally to become 
"spiritual" in action: — its every act of spiritual unfolding stimu- 
lates the process of spiritual building; and the process of spiritual 
building again stimulates more progressive spiritual unfolding even 
unto perfection. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 89 

concentric life-force divinely spontaneous and receptive, 
which is destined to be perpetuated and propagated in its 
triune triumphant forms of ''body, soul and spirit,'' — to 
which St. Paul refers in his first Epistle to the Thessa- 
lonians, — fifth chapter and twenty-third verse, in which 
the use in the Greek text of the three articles and the 
three conjunctions plainly indicate the distinctness of 
the three constituent potentialities in the human form. 
Again, these are interpreted elsewhere in the Scriptures 
by three adjectives, employed to denote three different 
classes of men: Pneumatikos — spiritual, psuchikos — in- 
tellectual and sarkikos — carnal, — "carnal,'' those who are 
under the dominion of the body, its lusts and desires; 
"spiritual,'' those who are under the Spirit, ruling their 
spirit, — the pious multiplying five talents into ten ; and 
"intellectual," those who are cold, selfish and indifferent 
to all that is truly ennobling and "good," insensible and 
unawakened, altogether dead to spiritual perception or 
hallowed emotions. Obviously, " 'the spirit' is the essen- 
tial, 'the body' is the expressional, 'the soul' is the con- 
sciousness which is either spiritual or fleshly, according 
to whether spirit or flesh is in the ascendant in the life." 
The soul and the spirit in man both Hve after death, and 



90 MODERN PROBLEMS 

live together. "That which is comprehended in the will 
of the soul-spirit is taken along with the soul, when body 
and soul are severed/'^ 

In fact, it is owing to the *'otherworld'' endowments 
and abilities of "the soul of man" : to its sentient attribute, 
outward activities, that man grows a corporeal body; to 
its psychic attribute, inward activities, that man continues 
as a human creature ; to its pneumatic attribute, heavenly 
activities, that man aspires and progresses to what is 
transcendent and everlasting. And this is true primarily 
because of "the spirit of man'' in-finiting,^ its psychic at- 
tribute, redemption activities, that man can qualify and 
forever identify himself, through its pneumatic attribute, 
with the Holy Spirit in Christ Jesus as his Redeemer. 
In fact, the soul of man itself, divinely thus incremental, 
becomes to him the very life-principle and power eternal, 
by way of ethical ability and religious loyalty,^ which pro- 



^He who lives in the consciousness of the effects alone, can 
know nothing about the "first great Cause." This means that there 
is no real life without the spirit. Material life defeats itself. He 
who lives and seeks material satisfactions only becomes world 
weary and blase. Its end is despair. 

2The "spirit" of man alone sets in order forces and faculties of 
the soul and body of man, and makes them obedient to the law 
of God. See Appended Notes, Nos. 6 and 7. 

^The conditions which make consciousness possible are the re- 
sponsive laws which govern the world. Consciousness, as a ra- 
tional order of experience, may be subdivided into a number of 
particular forms, representing the different logical judgments, cor- 
responding to the categories of the understanding. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 91 

noimce him historically capable of successful develop- 
ment and progress worthy of Redemption/ Altogether 
pneumatologically first, through the psychic qualities of 
the spirit of man actively conjoined by ''faith/''' with the 
pneumatic qualities of the soul of man which again re- 
sponding sentiently through its psychic qualities and those 
of the spirit of man, thus, basically are united and so 
identified corporeally when under the control of the Holy 
Spirit vitally through ''the means of grace,'' with the 
Church and her risen Lord : Exclusively through the 
true Church which not only makes answer to the ques- 
tion, why God's striving with and His witnessing to "the 
spirit of man," but also happily discloses to him through 
"faith," the particulars of every subject and predicate of 
life temporal and eternal. 



^Jesus Christ came into the world to redeem men and women, 
not disembodied souls. The soul alone is not a complete man; it is 
the mere ghost of a man. The body alone is not a complete man; 
it is only dead clay without the spirit, and returns to the earth 
whence it came. The redemption of body and soul will go hand in 
hand. The nearer we come to the purity and sinlessness of Jesus, 
the nearer we will come to the redemption of the body, and only 
when the redemption of the soul is complete will the redemption of 
the body be complete. 

^Faith is not a mere abstract of intellectual assent, but it has 
also an objective emotional-spiritual tone which implies the feeling 
of trust, the assurance of confidence, the expectation of the fulfill- 
ment of hope which, when religiously absorbing the whole mind, 
must contribute to the right functioning and attitude of the physico- 
Christian organization of the Church. 



92 MODERN PROBLEMS 

All this is for the pneumatized soul of man as "indi- 
viduated'' by his body, — when under the benign influence 
of the Holy Spirit enabling him to breathe and move and 
act in his own behalf/ Of an eternal meaning to man, 
therefore, the soul of infinite capacities, is further en- 
dowed not only with a ''nous" — mind,^ and an understand- 
ing which according to its nature belongs to the ''pneuma,'' 
but moreover is a pneuma or spirit which as to its nature 
belongs also to the 'nous," and is therefore inversely 
called pneumatos-nous. "What kind of a pneuma this is, 
is to be inferred from the fourteenth chapter of First 
Corinthians. In verses fourteen, fifteen and nineteen, 
the apostle, speaking of the speech with tongues, distin- 
guishes between a human pneuma and a human nous. 
'Five words spoken dia tou noos mou/ St. Paul says, 'are 
more profitable for the Church, than ten thousand words 
englosse' ; and wherefore ? Because the 'five words' serve 
for the instruction of others, but the 'ten thousand' do not, 
unless as diermeneutes translates them into the language 
commonly understood. Inasmuch as the 'five words' pro- 



^The spirit of man as "individuated" by his body, reciprocally 
sanctified through the Holy Spirit, creates him in nature angelic, 
of the kinship with Christ Jesus. 

^The mind of man is of a concrete force which empowers him to 
think or by which he obtains sensations, ideas and thoughts. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 93 

ceed from the 'Nous' — intellect/ thinking with reflected 
consciousness in the mother tongue, they are all ideally 
intelligible and capable of being expressed in language. 
But he who prays or sings glosse, prays or sings 'not to 
moi, but to pneumati ; and therein his nous is karpos. 

'The actuality of the self-consciousness is expressed by 
the Divine influence, which absolutely takes possession of 
him who is speaking with the 'tongue' : the activity of 
thought of the nous, bringing forth the fruit in thoughts 
and words, benefiting itself and others without any 
further agency, ceases. The divine influence occurs in 
the region of immediate human experience and intuition,^ 
and expresses itself in a language corresponding to this 
immediateness, not passing through the nous of the actual 
utterer, and thus is therefore unintelligible to the under- 
standing of the hearer. 



^Intellect is that spiritual power of the conscious mind which 
takes cognizance of things; classifies and arranges knowledge 
gained; compares facts; reasons and arrives at conclusions. Prac- 
tically speaking: "Intellect is the man at the wheel of our life-boat, 
but intelligence is the captain, both being necessary for the salva- 
tion of man. They cannot be separated if you would have the 
perfect man made manifest. Intelligence, like electricity, is every- 
where present, and is the power of Omniscience. Intellect is the 
motor through which intelligence is manifested. Intellectual knowl- 
e ge alone is cold, theoretically lacking the vivifying life of intelli- 
;;,ence. Intellect is of the head. Intelligence is of the heart. Intel- 
lect is man, perfect intelligence is God." 

-Only that becomes true to life which includes, expresses, and 
furthers the spiritual soul-total of life. 



94 MODERN PROBLEMS 

''The Apostle calls this region of immediate experience 
and intuition, the pneuma, as distinct from the nous of 
man. It is the spirit in the narrow sense, distinguished 
from the pneuma in a wider sense, spoken of in the third 
verse of the fifth chapter of First Corinthians and in the 
thirty-fourth verse of the seventh chapter of the same 
Epistle, — also, in the first verse of the seventh chapter 
of Second Corinthians : — as experiencing, and especially 
as seeking with immediate intuition — the image of the 
Divine pneuma agion. For as the activity of the loving 
will and the loving thought of the Father and the Son 
in the Holy Spirit go forth into the actual condition of 
loving experience, in which loving will and loving thought 
are reciprocally satisfied, and as it were combined ; so the 
human pneuma in the narrow sense is the seat of the 
experience of the Divine love and of the immediate intui- 
tion of its mysteries: with verse nine of thirty-fourth 
Psalm, — a Tertium in which will and thought, passively 
surrendering themselves to a new form of love, blend and 
dissolve." 

Many of these distinctions were clearly recognized in 
the ancient philosophies also: — ''the three-parted 'hypos- 
tasis of body, soul and spirit' " was one with which the 
fathers of the Christian church were familiar. Concern- 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 95 

ing this no one is more explicit than Irenseus. He says : 
''There are three things on which the entire perfect man 
exists : — Flesh, soul, spirit, — one, the spirit, giving form, 
another, the flesh, receiving form. The soul, intermediate, 
when following the spirit, is elevated by it, but some- 
times consenting to the flesh, falls into earthly concu- 
piscence/' 

With equal distinctness Origen speaks: — "There is a 
three-fold partition of man, the body, or flesh, the lower 
part of our nature, on which the old serpent by original 
sin has inscribed the law of sin, and by which we are 
tempted to vile things, and as oft as we are overcome 
by the temptation, are joined fast to the devil; the spirit, 
by which we express the likeness of the Divine nature, in 
which the Creator, from the archetype of His own mind, 
engraved the eternal law of the honest by His own finger, 
and by which we are firmly conjoined to Him and made 
one with Him; and then the soul, intermediate between 
these two, and which, as in a factious commonwealth, 
cannot but join with one or other of the parties, being 
solicited this way or that, and having liberty as to which 
it will adhere. If it renounce the flesh and join with the 
spirit, it will itself become spiritual; but if it cast itself 
down to the desires of the flesh, it will itself degenerate 
into flesh/' 



96 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Again, it would be easy to multiply indefinitely quota- 
tions to this effect from similar sources, clearly setting 
forth distinctions which are recognized, in the Scriptures. 
Thus the apostle says in the twelfth verse of the fourth 
chapter of Hebrews : "For the Word of God is living 
and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, pierc- 
ing even to the dividing of soul and spirit." That is, it 
penetrates with such a searching and discriminating power 
into the secret recesses of man's being as to separate, like 
the knife of the dissector, things that are most closely 
joined together, and even to make a severance, as it were, 
between elements so intimately related to each other as 
are the soul and spirit. 

'Tn the Alexandrian philosophy in particular, which 
favored the Pythagorean and Platonic systems, the dis- 
tinctions above mentioned are very plainly recognized, as 
they likened the pneuma as the rational soul or nous to 
logikos or mind, that which reasons, and the psuche, the 
sensitive soul, to epidumetikon, that which desires and 
lusts. The soul — psuche is a kind of involcrum to the 
spirit or pneuma, which Plato called the Eidolon or image 
of the spirit. This psuche is the spiritual body or the body 
of the spirit, so called, however, not as denoting its true 
ontological nature," or character of being "which is 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 97 

psychical, but rather its use, as constituting the form 
through which the affections of the spirit manifest them- 
selves/' It is thus that Providence through the Scrip- 
tures and experience, conscience and reason, philosophy 
and history, points conjointly to the unending activities 
of the human soul all in all. 

These are all enhanced in value and made, indeed, of 
infinite worth through the soul, spiritually self-complet- 
ing, when what is of the kinship of God, angelic and 
eternal, passes through three distinct processes of dem- 
onstration: The first is to perceive through "the spirit" 
of man; the second is to appropriate through ''the soul" 
of man; the third is to acknowledge openly through ''the 
body" of man. Transcendent possibilities are these, but 
only unto such as are begotten by the Holy Spirit which 
communicates what is in consonance with Himself to 
man's spirit, which again, by governing the regenerate 
activities of the soul, causes a willing subjection and obe- 
dience on their part, according to the workings of the 
Word.'' The latter in turn treats of the "faith"'' which 



^The Word is the Spirit's utterance. It is the Divine light 
which reveals error and the glowing fire which purifies, — the source 
of "saving faith" and of never-fading "hope" to all that strive to 
live for truth and God. 

^Faith, vision and co-operation in their countless indirect and 
transfigured social forms, are the three inseparable factors in all 
religiously intellectual progress. 



98 MODERN PROBLEMS 

has ever inspired all true members of the Church-militant 
which again, at the end of time, is adjustmentally com- 
pleted and pronounced ''thrice holy,'' in the all-glorious 
Church-triumphant,^ the only inter-world institution bea- 
tifically sublime and Deifying in which all "correlative" 
endeavors, all transcendent hopes, all heavenly perfections 
in and through Christ Jesus, are everlastingly incorpor- 
ated, grouped and characterized. 

Humanly, all this is owing to the reciprocally dual 
activities of ''the spirit of man" which is religiously 
intended for "the organ whereby man," as a divine being, 
"must worship * ''^ * in order to bring out the 
mutual relation as to character between the organ and the 
object of worship."^ 

Pleonastically, this is accomplished through "the most 
essential and chief part of man" — "the heart," to whose 
affections spiritually responsive, devotional and sympa- 
thetic in nature, are ascribed all "conscious spiritual 



^The community of the Church will then be elevated to the 
Heavenlies, occupying the zone of the ejected Prince, Satan. 

^"In the words, Mark 12:33, in which Jesus renders the passage, 
Deut. 6:5; 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart — 
soul — mind — strength,' etc., the inner nature of man is pleonastic- 
ally expressed. 'Under the first of these the inwardness of the 
spiritual life is emphasized; by the second, its individuality; by the 
third, its faculty of intelligent thought, and by the last, its strength 
or intensity.* " 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 99 

activities of man/'" However, only when all these have 
worked in unison in bringing man under the efficacious 
influence and re-awakening power of the impress-energy 
of the ''Word/' is there a transferring and anchoring 
incrementally of him through ''faith'' from "Adam" into 
Christ, wath Whom, in fact, all New Testament saints, are 
thus constantly brought in conscious bodily union sacra- 
mentally through the "communion" of the altar which 
redemptionally supplies and corporately cements their 
entire being, and so favored, stamps them personally as 
"Sons of God."* Atonementally, in fellowship, then and 
there, Jesus Christ, as the Saviour, takes up His abode 
at life's centre, becomes the "Christ in you," upon the 
throne of the human will and the affections, and impels 
their choice and affiliation toward conformity with the 



^The Lord does not need praise as man desires it, but he requires- 
it because it adds to man's happiness and power. Praise is the 
observance of some law that blesses man. Praise arouses in a 
person a certain enthusiasm; it sets free energy which, when rightly- 
used, makes praiseworthy conditions. Like other laws, this one is 
very exacting. The dirge is disintegrating, the joy song is con- 
structive. Prayer and praise carry on the law of increase. "Let the 
people praise Thee, O God; let all the people praise Thee. Thea 
shall the earth yield her increase; and God, even our God, shall 
bless us." 

"The "communion of saints" is "the Spirit's" reciprocal presence 
manifest through Christ's incarnation corporate among those of the 
human race who are by "faith" united and through "good works" 
assured of salvation. 



100 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Father's will and love, and so eventuates permanently the 
''Ye in Him/' — unto loyalty individually and service 
socially, astir in ''all the world." 

Abiding Heavenly benedictions are these only unto 
such as are socially of the "communion of saints," — to 
all of whom St. John interprets love, as related to "spirit" ; 
sympathy, as related to "soul" ; and cohesion, as related 
to "body." The consecrated "faithful" are thus respon- 
sively continued forever to worship "in spirit and in 
truth, "^ and so worthly endued as "priests" to assist in 
safe-guarding and perpetuating inviolate the Christian 
church as the Redemptional institution primarily and 
finally paramount. For, Jesus Christ died not as a Re- 
deemer merely to abolish "sin" in the abstract, to succor 
a sinner here and to protect a saint there, but vicariously 
to "obtain a people, a church, a holy communion, perfectly 
inherent in Him so that He and they constitute one body" 
in time and for eternity.^ 

Religiously, therefore, it becomes of vital importance, — 
most significant, indeed, to every student of Christianity, 



^Man's goodness is in direct proportion to his habitual respon- 
siveness to the "true and good." It consists in the "faith" -direction 
of the will to social objects determined for it by that truth and 
goodness, operating in the person willing to be uplifted and sanc- 
tified. 

^Atonement is in the world as a humanly-healing, divinely-har- 
monizing power to man. 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 101 

to *'note well" how intimate are the relations which every 
quasi-Christian institution nominally sustains to the Chris- 
tian church herself. Christianity, historically, of a mor- 
ally sentimental^ and aggregationally social — civilizing 
force, is therefore ''in methods to work by idealism, not 
by agitation, — as a regenerating influence, not as a move- 
ment of reform/' Along these same lines Christianity 
can hope for success only to the extent and the degree 
of harmony in which it inwardly patterns after and firmly 
adheres to the Christo-centric, — pivotally quickening Life- 
force of the Christian church; for, it is the militant 
Church alone which provides the meeting-place between 
"the divine'' and ''the human" on the "field" of history.' 
The Church Universal, although ever face to face with 
"principalities and powers of darkness," is nevertheless 
triumphantly and ideally continued. Indeed for over a 
thousand years, she has time and again been appealed to 



^Sentiment is a necessity in moderation; in excess it poisons, for 
it destroys vision, truth and prudence. 

^This is possible for such Christian denominations as do not 
expend all their energies merely to exist, and that are not infallible 
in their own opinion. For either class there is nothing available, 
neither time nor opportunity for Christian progress and develop- 
ment. There are, in fact, no retail beliefs, no religious sectarianism 
nor parochial independence in genuine Christianity. 



f 



102 MODERN PROBLEMS 

as the sovereign arbiter, to decide in favor of "peace on 
earth, good will to men'' among the most advanced and 
aggressive of the nations/ 

Therefore, it is to the Church only, that Christianity 
owes its actual existence, progress and re-affirming vic- 
tories. The Christian church's re-assuring exactions and 
corporate efficiency account also for her having the cus- 
tody of the "means of grace" and the consequent "prom- 
ise" of the all-determining succor of the Holy Spirit. She 
alone in fact experiences, mediates and carries on suc- 
cessfully the "salvation"-work of deliverance and conser- 
vation, but only among such in the flesh as are swayed 
by faith and redemptionally of that holy generation of 
men, women and children saved through "the death of 
our Lord, organized in Him and glorified in bodily con- 
formity with Him." 

Ever since the day of Pentecost, the Church, conscious 



*Those of the nations only which are dying politically in order to 
socially resuscitate under the Gospel administrations of the Church 
allied with all the races of the earth — "the white, from the 
Aryan plateau; the yellow, from the prehistoric fields of ancient 
Chaldea; the black, from the unknown lands of the Biblical Kush; 
the brown, from the tropical islands of the ocean, the survivors 
of the sunken continent of Lemuria; the red, from the volcano- 
lighted abodes of the Incas, from the sacrificial altars of the Aztecs, 
and from the mountains and the valleys over which Hiawatha 
strode in his magical moccasins." 



THEIR PSYCHICAL SOLUTIONS 103 

of her incarnation life and incarnation perfection, has 
been augmenting through the congregation of Saints to 
whom ''the Gospel is rightly taught and the Sacraments 
are rightly administered. These two, and these alone, are 
the objective, visible insignia whereby the presence of 
the invisible Church may be unfailingly recognized; and 
that particular church which comes nearest to rightly 
teaching the Gospel and rightly administering the Sacra- 
ments has the best title to being the purest representative 
of the true Communion of Saints on earth. Whether its 
membership is large or small, whether it is part of the 
unbroken trunk of 'ecclesiastical succession' growing out 
of the Church of the apostles, whether it has an episcopal, 
presbyterial, or congregational form of government, 
whether its mode of worship is liturgical or non-liturgical, 
whether it baptizes by immersion or sprinkling, or admin- 
isters the Lord's Supper with the bread or the wafer, 
does not affect its title in the least.'' 

Free, temperamentally, the Christian church is, there- 
fore, of the "faith"-seeding which always puts Life into 
the soil into which it is cast, and so causes her to increase 
and mediate forever. Yea, she is of that unending resur- 
rection Life incarnate which, in its reverence, adoration 
and worship spontaneously, through the constant growth 



104 MODERN PROBLEMS 

of sacred multitudes under whatsoever time-conditions, 
always magnifies the Father's love and the Christ cru- 
cified. By personal participation in all of which there is 
''laid up'' ultimately, for the Samaritan-like as a reward, 
the most precious of crowns, in the celestial Kingdom of 
everlasting "wonder, love and praise." 



CHAPTER IV. 

Social Problems and Their Solutions. 

Sociologically, the signs of the times indicate that the 
twentieth century stands upon the threshold of what 
promises to become an epoch-making era of the world's 
history. Its Christological interpretations of social phe- 
nomena, in terms of psychical activities and corporate 
adjustments, are bringing it, through the Church, to the 
turning of the ways, where the transition-dawn in mod- 
ern countries is leading toward mid-day brightness. All 
the world has been set thinking about life* according to 
the requirements of friendship,^ the duties of Christian 
equity and the promptings of sympathy. In general there 
is, among the nations, as never before, an expansion of 
energies along the Hues of ''righteousness" and ''peace," 
The most enlightened of them are beginning to realize 



^The Middle Ages held the image of death constantly before 
humanity, and consequently taught it to think in terms of death; 
but the present age is beginning to think in terms of life and 
brotherly love. 

^The laws of friendship are great, austere and eternal, — of one 
web with the laws of nature and of morals. 



106 MODERN PROBLEMS 

that there is no predestinating of people to Heaven or 
reprobating them to Hell, independent of the laws of the 
Creator's sanction. The day of consequent ''conservation" 
and "salvage'' has therefore begun. Conscious of the 
force of external circumstances and the result of internal 
power, the truly Christianized among them are desirous 
of founding a new social order transcending all merely 
natural limits and aiming to embrace the entire human 
family."^ 

To effect practically, however, such a beatific trans- 
formation of administrative ideals among the nations, 
there must be on their part : — first, a thoughtful study of 
man's endowments regarding his social nature and eternal 
being f and secondly, a thorough application of these to 
interests and affiliations institutional which constitute 
society,* static and dynamic. Especially is it through the 
qualifying instrumentality of the latter that man actually 
comes into a conscious possession, not only of that which 



^In the divinely arranged social order it is: worship, trust, 
bread; and not as the Tempter in the wilderness and some socialists 
of modern times affirm: bread, trust, worship. In fact, all human 
devices for social betterment not based upon God's Word, are as 
futile as they are presumptuous, — at best, melancholy egotism. 

'See Frontispiece Chart under "Social." 

*The divisions of humanly-originated organizations only tend to 
de-personalize all services, and so make them duties rather than 
ministrations. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 107 

individually is by nature racially essential to him, but also 
of that which socially is by nature governmentally essen- 
tial to him: Here, as group-regulatives which are cen- 
tered in external compacts in which they rest, and thus 
humanly and divinely have their origin in the sacred 
bonds of marriage which, by effecting ''the state of matri- 
mony,'' necessitate and demand sociological arrangement 
and adjustment organically,^ for all concerned, from those 
united in holy wedlock to the families and their kin with 
which each husband and wife is connected/ Even to the 
offspring in each of the respective groups, in ever widen- 
ing circles, — even to the w^orld at large, the character and 
the influence of this socially divine arrangement becomes 
of incalculable value throughout not only time but also 
eternity. ''Jehovah was always the God of organized 
society and not of a disconnected mass of individuals." 
Thus it is that the individual needs of man sociallv 



^Modern science of "economics" ''subordinates man to wealth; 
assumes that wealth includes the satisfaction of all human desires, 
even while confining itself to those material things and corporeal 
services which minister chiefly to the vanities of the lower nature; 
practically raises wealth, so understood, to the rank of an end in 
itself; and by exclusively dwelling on it, encourages the delusion 
that it is the chief end of life." 

*In the Kingdom of Heaven there is "neither marrying nor 
giving in marriage"; because it is a Kingdom of "regeneration" 
instead of generation conjugal. 



108 MODERN PROBLEMS 

become component parts of compacts and communities 
which are divinely united and sanctified through a pre- 
ordained eternal order :' And this is effected through out- 
ward laws and inward rules which are personally respon- 
sive and expressive, — become matrimonially preservative 
of man's correlatively implanted possibilities as well as 
liberty of choice' in alliances which meet every situation 
of life, and make possible all Gospel privileges/ Obviously, 
it is therefore with these corporate life-factors of human 
existence, — their expansion and their application that 
Christian sociology in particular has to treat from an 
ethico-religious view-point from which God is seen as the 
Centre and man, as His second, occupies the most con- 
spicuous place among His creatures :* — This is the case 
because of the additional distinction which peculiarly is 



*Like biology and psychology, so sociology usually begins its 
investigations with observation; and concludes them with deduc- 
tive interpretations and confirmations. 

'Social values are the grounds of social choice. They respon- 
sively determine the social will in so far as its action is deliberate. 

*It is through the humanity of Christ that man is enabled to 
identify God-service with man-service: "Inasmuch as ye have 
done it unto one of the least of^ these, my brethren, ye have done 
it unto Me." Matt. 25:40. 

*It is through the personal activity of the "correlative" life- 
breath; owned in common by men, that what is generally service- 
able must be constructed sociologically through "faith," before the 
advent of Christian socializing will have truly dawned. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 109 

his in possessing a "wilF' which is self-acting and self- 
guiding, and so reciprocally pronounces him divinely inde- 
pendent of every ''cause and effect" influence/ This is 
also the supreme impulse of man's Ego which, in connec- 
tion with subordinate choices and executive voHtions, 
dominates and uses his body, — in fact whose body, it is 
which, under ''grace," becomes of vital and fundamental 
importance sociologically to mankmd, in interests and 
concerns conducive to corporate happiness and well-being 
possible only through the State and the Church. These 
are jointly equipped as institutions to become parties to 
ever-widening world movements which, in their obliga- 
tions and services, as to purpose and destiny, are univer- 
sal and far greater than either or both combined ; namely : 
Humanity, — because of the relation and alliances which 
correlatively and religiously exist between man and his 
fellow man and God." Respectively, these are due, first. 



^The law of "cause and effect" however well it may apply in 
physics, has no power in ethics. For no external motives compel 
or necessarily determine the will of man. In fact, all scientific 
recognition of "cause," whilst it is of an educative efRcacy, yet, it 
only furnishes at best a solitary half-way inn to the inquiring mind 
seeking absolute knowledge. And, as to "effect," here "no natural 
effect ever owns a natural cause." For, an "effect" invariably 
^ emands a spiritual cause, a supernatural origin. 

^Religion alone raises man above the perplexities of immediate 
existence, and this, because she was created a spiritual force. 



110 MODERN PROBLEMS 

to the relations and alliances which men maintain ideally 
with their God and Preserver; secondly, to the relations 
and alliances which pertain socially to such as are united 
in ''holy wedlock'' and to its consequent offspring, and 
these again in their relations with the families of their 
connection ; these once more with those of other kinships* 
in ever-widening circles ; thirdly, because of the relations 
and alHances which exist between all such and similar cor- 
porate groups in the nation, and finally all combined 
numerically to include the entire human race. 

Marvelous possibilities are these unto all of mankind 
that through "faith" are privileged as "co-laborers" to 
behold, in the blessed "visions" of the present Christian 
federations,^ the rewards of reciprocal joys stored away 
in the future for the "faithful" of every generation and 
all ages. And this is accomplished by an administrative 
process ethico-religious,' along communistic lines, which 
formulates for all concerned, in precepts what custom 
finally causes to be enacted into laws; and so by virtues 



^Normal kinship generates first a sense of obligation and finally 
a genuine fellow-feeling and s^^mpathy. The reciprocal foundation 
of divine relationship is worship. 

^Moral worth is determined by the faithfulness and devotion 
with which a person fulfills his mission and becomes beneficent, not 
from inclination merely but from a sense of duty and gratitude. 

'It is the ethico-religious side of man's nature which responsively 
develops what is of social and spiritual value to man. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 111 

and ''godliness'' on their part, through ''good works''^ in- 
separably indicates that which is of personal conduct and 
worth, not only moral but also religious. Through the 
scrupulous enforcement of all of these social laws, there 
is constructed consequently, an incremental organism of 
a "divine'' order in which are circumscribed and defined 
the relations and alliances existing between parents and 
other parents, between each group and similar groups, 
and ultimately between all composing the sum of groups 
which, administratively cooperating, effect an ingrafting 
and an outflowing which are productive of a sociological 
consciousness, pointing out ethical observances and re- 
ligious duties by which man responsively works out, under 
God, his own destiny ."^ All this depends upon the efficiency 
of the "means"^ applied and the efficacy of the methods 
employed, in blending harmoniously with God's pleasure, 
the cycles of time and the successive races through which 
"history repeats itself." 



^Faith has its complement in "good works" which are inter- 
pretative as well as co-operative. 

^The result of minimizing the importance of the "ministry" and 
the "sacraments" has been the dethronement of the Church from 
the position of a Divine institution to the level of a merely human 
society or organization. 

*A11 "means," in a broad sense, are really the beginning of 
definiteness, — ethically, of consequences. 



112 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Therefore, since that only which has a Divine purpose, 
can become Christian, and consequently has its birth and 
efficiency, sanctity and permanency in and through Christ 
Jesus, His Church on earth and her sacred ordinances, 
why wonder that her very Head, the same Person of the 
Trinity Who, as the Creator, ''spoke the world into exis- 
tence,'' completed and climaxed the same by the edict: 
''Let Us make man," and afterwards announced Himself 
as the eternal "I am," — should also "in the fulness of 
time" personally appear in the "flesh" and be present as 
a participant and witness at "the marriage feast" in Cana 
of Galilee, — where He too began His ministry, and also 
proclaimed Himself "the Redeemer of the world?" He 
thus encouraged and solemnized "love" and "faith" made 
nuptially incarnate, and so re-affirmed that "man liveth 
not by bread alone,"^ — but by complying with and doing 
the will of God and keeping His commandments.^ Accord- 
ingly, He subsequently demonstrated likewise, that exis- 
tence and success of a "nation consisteth not in the 
abundance of things" which it produces and possesses. 



^Individualism forgets law; institutionalism forgets grace. 

^The idea of social "good" is an advantage not peculiar to man 
himself, but beneficial for him, as a member of a community. It 
is an arrangement of life or habit of action or application of the 
forces and products even of nature, calculated to contribute to a 
common well-being. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 113 

but in the way nations actually live equitably and fra- 
ternally, and so in Christian charity assist with "faith" 
and through ''righteousness''^ in the establishment of the 
''Kingdom"^ in which every vestige of family and of 
national and racial distinctions shall disappear forever.^ 
In this blessed Kingdom, the most active and truly useful 
in the service of Christ and "immortal-souls" will be not 
only those that are baptized* in the name of Jesus, and 
thereby stand no longer in the "First Adam"; but also 
those that are regular and true partakers of the sacra- 
ment of the altar, and are thereby visibly recognized by 
and bodily united with Christ, the "Second Adam." Thus 
did the incarnation of Christ Jesus for mankind, bring the 



^'*As applied to men, 'righteousness' specially denotes a disposi- 
tion for action which takes the will of God as its supreme norm." 

2" 'By the Kingdom of God' Jesus meant an ideal social order 
in which the relation of men to God is that of sons, and therefore 
to each other is that of brothers." 

^Fraternity is a socially enforced regard for a common humanity. 

^Baptism dedicates each child to God's service. It is through 
Baptism and the gift of "faith," together operative in and with 
the Holy Spirit, that the baptized child is grafted into that "Body" 
built up in the world and called the Christian church. Gal. 3:27; 
Eph. 4:1-6. 



114 MODERN PROBLEMS 

old world to an end and the new Messianically to its 
birth/ 

That a democracy of Christian citizens of the type 
described above invariably prove themselves the most 
valuable assets of any nation is incontrovertible. Par- 
ticularly is this assertion applicable to a nation consisting 
of a ''free people/' as in the United States, embracing, as 
our country does, people of every class and kind of the 
human race from every quarter of the habitable globe. 
Nor is this because these United States are, geograph- 
ically, particularly favored with an exceptional climate, 
with a more highly productive soil, and inexhaustible 
mineral treasures, for many other nations are no less fav- 
ored in these respects ; but it is especially because, in addi- 
tion, her shores are projected into and encompassed by 
the greatest oceans and not a few of the most important 
seas, gulfs and bays, and include some of the finest har- 



^* 'There is only one kind of surplus- value which Christ sanctions, 
— yes, promises; and that is spiritual surplus-value, where he that 
reapeth receiveth the wages and gathereth fruit unto life eternal. 
This is the kind of surplus-value or 'unearned increment' which 
accrues to those that do service of the Kingdom, in which two 
talents produce five and five produce ten. *Ye cannot,' we are 
told, 'serve God and mammon.' 'Therefore ... be not anxious' 
concerning 'what ye shall eat, drink, or put on' . . . 'For after 
all these things do the Gentiles seek; for your Heavenly Father 
knoweth that ye have need of all these things.' " 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 115 

bors of the world, on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. 
Our country is, through them, brought into touch, na- 
tionally, commercially and industrially, with the majority 
of the world's inhabitants. These facts account at the 
same time for the reason that the problems of sociology^ 
as a living science will, it is expected, find practical solu- 
tion, democratically, in the United States of North Amer- 
ica, — because of her unique and unparalleled racial 
composition and dissimilarity of her population, civically 
and religiously considered, from all other nations. There- 
fore, it behooves every social philosopher here to take heed 
lest he place himself in the position of the man who is 
trying to discover the course or end of a stream by follow- 
ing it from its source, but failing to observe the influence 
of confluent or contributory streams. 

The United States, as a government founded not by 
conquerors or by a superior class, but by representatives 
of the massed force of '^the common people," '^derives 
its authority, not only in the abstract, but also in actual 
fact, from the popular will; and so the obvious method 
of attempting to shape the character of society, and to 
discipline the nation, is to apply Christian influence to the 



^See FroPxtispiece Chart under ''Social." 



116 MODERN PROBLEMS 

very source of the nation's power and authority ; that is, 
to the wills and consciences of the people" themselves/ 
Auxiliaries to this result will be found in the early train- 
ing of the thought and will, the inculcation of reverence 
for religion on the part of the colonists,^ the devotional 
and patriotic spirit of their descendants, and the liberty- 
loving and freedom-seeking immigrant-multitudes who 
have come, and who are constantly coming, to its shores. 
To our forefathers the family was the most sacred of all 
institutions,^ the first social unit and the source of the 
Church and State alike, both as to the consciousness of 
the scope of national activities and of ecclesiastical inde- 
pendence, — the relationships of parents and children typi- 
fying the union of God and humanity. 



^The most influential nations of the world are those that follow 
most closely, and believe most thoroughly, the teachings of the 
Bible, which, however, know nothing of a government that is based 
on the free consent of "the governed," — no more than is a cultured 
Christian mind dependent upon, or in need of the consent, of the 
lower faculties. 

^The democracies of Colonial America, — "not the factory and 
the mart, but the Church, the common school, and the freeman's 
meeting, were the real centres of social activity. The topics of 
discussion were not the price of stocks and the interest on bonds, 
but the rights of man and the problems of destiny." 

^State subsidies for indigent motherhood, and State pensions for 
dependent, worthy mothers, as advocated by some humanitarians, 
would be an effective defense of the integrity of the home against 
the attacks to which it is subjected by modern economic conditions. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 117 

Only to the influence of the Christian church, whose 
Divine efficiency and moral standing have ever been 
bound up for weal or woe with the general social welfare, 
men everywhere are accordingly forced to look primarily 
for an ''uplift'' aggregationally, in order to become even- 
tually an integral part of the "Kingdom of God/'^ Hence, 
through the enthronement in the hearts and wills of merf 
of the Christ-principles of ''righteousness" and "loyalty" 
w^hich reciprocally make for sympathy and sacrifice,^ — the 
infiniting love of social equaHty and "faithfulness" v/hich 
identify self v/ith the neighbor, through the regard for 
the ethics of social integrity w^hich renders just every 
industrial transaction, and by the standardization of ideals 
of social efficiency, honor and purity, whereby are exter- 
minated all social evils, are evolved and made permanent 
true patriotism and good citizenship. 



^"The Kingdom of God is the gradual organization of society in 
accordance with the supreme principle of love, in which every man 
will receive according to his need and will serve according to his 
capacity, and in which the great truths of 'God's Fatherhood and 
man's brotherhood' will be actually realized." 

2To the heart belongs the conception of "the conscious, spiritual 
activity of man.*' In the latter resides the mind or inner man, also 
the reasoning power of man. Mark 2:8; 7:21. ft. Matt. 5:28; John 
14:1, 27; 16:6, 22; Luke 21:34; Matt. 6:21. 

^Sacrifice is but the negative side of Christian fidelity in loyal 
service. 



118 MODERN PROBLEMS 

But real progress on the part of man as to perform- 
ances, is not made here responsively under "grace" in 
social groups, single and aggregational, until there is a 
telic evolution of spiritual consciousness according to a 
divinely fixed Christian order of society which first really 
and truly furnishes the required frame, the setting and 
the channel for human endeavors lasting, endearing and 
worthy/ Therefore as to interests and ideal-concerns, 
such a community-order is institutionally responsible, not 
so much individually for right motives as for right actions 
socially vital and real between a people aflFecting others 
in various ways redemptionally ; — through a "kind of col- 
lective mind evincing itself in living ideals," conventions, 
dogmas, institutions, and religious sentiments which are 
more or less happily adapted to the task of safe-guarding 
the collective from the ravages of egoism" and "self-inter- 
est" and every other pleasure-regarding or hedonic phil- 
osophy ; and which thenceforth, in all seriousness suggests 
to logically thinking minds the question above all else 
today, when Christianity has the ear of humanity : — Is 



^Christian society as a concrete group of phenomena, is not a 
physical organism, but its parts — members, if parts it has, are 
incarnated, psychical relations consciously held together by spiritual 
comprehension, sympathy and concerns of "faith." 

^Whatever is dynamic must be desired if beneficent, — must be 
due to right motives, — must be a product of good will ideals. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 119 

there any real community need for more than one com- 
prehensive moral and religious system of sociology?^ Such 
an arrangement, as a system of equalizing and sharing, — 
in ''like-mindedness'' recognizes but one goal and but one 
divinely standardized corporate and administrative ideal 
which embraces every "correlative" human tie, every con- 
sequent normal duty and all rightful obligations to God 
and man.^ 

Obviously, of all "ologies" that are, and should con- 
tinue to exist, of primary importance and eternal use 
socially to man, next to sacred theology comes, — indissol- 
ubly is connected therewith, the science of Christian 
sociology which alone fulfils its formative function. It is 
Christian sociology that posits theology to its own per- 
ception. Incrementally, Christian sociology provides man 
with a copulative identity to his own spiritual conscious- 
ness organically through "regeneration'' which, as a prin- 
ciple of Divine administration requires, that every person 
born into the world is placed here to become a reformer 



^See Frontispiece Chart under "Social." 

^At **the judgment," the reward will not be for those that have 
successfully turned earth into a so-called paradise, but for those 
that have striven to alleviate its miseries, — that have fought a 
desperate battle against the overwhelming forces of evil. In such 
a conflict their spiritual personality is created and deepened, the 
union with God through "faith" strengthened, and their place in the 
transcendent order determined. 



120 MODERN PROBLEMS 

by example in character and by ''good works. ''^ Yea, it is 
thus that Christian sociology exists for man scientifically 
by the reciprocal forces it promotes corporately for the 
"uplift" and "salvation" of the whole human race in life 
and destiny, according to the Word and will of God." 

That the Christian church institutionally has arrived at 
a stage of "specialization" in her development, concerns 
and sympathies, and is thus fitted and free, as never be- 
fore, for a larger social mission, is being felt and acknowl- 
edged on every hand. A consequent awakening is there- 
fore noticeable among the nations generally, — most of 
them are ready to concede that only "the religious and 
educational forces in their totality are the real powers 
which constitute the State. "^ Responsive forces truly. 



^"The sermon on the Mount and other sayings of Jesus contain 
a certain higher something, — completer recognition of the inner 
element of goodness and the positive side of individual obligation; 
the exhortation to let one's light shine, and not to limit self to 
passive endurance of wrong, or to dependence on charity, but to 
recognize the fact that each one is to be a guide to his fellows, and 
that he must so purify himself in nobility of character that he shall 
lead not into error, but into truth. Here are gathered up the 
elements of the highest ethical character, perfect self-mastery, 
enlightened self-help, and complete sympathy with human environ- 
ment." 

2The logic of Christian faith sociologically, in its responsive 
conclusions, leads to unconditional acceptance and active propaga- 
tion of its doctrines. 

^The primary purpose of the State was to perfect social inte- 
gration. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 121 

are these socially which, the roll of the Christian centuries 
only serves to establish by expansion, through the multi- 
plication of Christian homes and ''missionary stations'' 
in the world at large. Indeed, a sacred mission is this 
which is accomplished only by those who are spiritually 
united and socially set apart specially, by conscious visible 
limits in the home and the Church. Both are separated 
by the exclusion of others from without : the one by union 
of interests and blessings and mutual aid from within; 
the other, by Divine authority and in love, — one by organ- 
ization with manifoldness of members and relations and 
affections. There is authority here of both the father in 
the home and the pastor in the Church :^ through both of 
them is further wrought out the unity of ''love," repre- 
sented in all its possible relations and workings and flow- 
ings, from the very creation of the first man, upward 
through the centuries, for the happiness' of mankind, and 
emanating from the one .unfailing source, the mother true 
and regal.^ Hence, it is for the social well-being of every 

^See Appended Notes, No. 8. 

2As a resultant of an action direct, positive and real — "hap- 
piness" to unregenerate persons, is merely an inner state of 
pleasurable social sensibilities gratified. 

^Of all kinds of altruism the mother's was no doubt the earliest, 
— the source from which all other kinds were slowly derived and 
developed. 



122 MODERN PROBLEMS 

individual and every community that all the members 
connected with both the home and the Church, in judging 
of their character by means of conduct and personal 
worth, shall constantly refer these to divinely fixed stand- 
ards outside of themselves : Whereby they are further 
trained and fully brought in accordance with the first 
principles of Christianity, in the knowledge of what con- 
stitutes primarily individual duty, personal responsibility 
and loyalty to God and fellow-man. 

But, in order to apply efifectively the foregoing prin- 
ciples to that which tends organically^ to the redemption 
of the human race, individually and aggregationally, too 
much dependence must not be placed, for its first social 
impetus, towards reformation or revolution responsively, 
upon the influence of the home individually, however 
good; but rather upon the proper ministrations of the 
Church congregate and differentiating, embracing as she 
does, all that binds earth and Heaven as one.^ For it is 
through these instituted adjusting ordinances of the 

^Organization here means a place for everyone, and everyone in 
his place. What a track is to a locomotive, organization becomes 
to society. 

^The true spirit of obedience is the spirit of love. Love is the 
most obedient thing in the world. It is also the greatest worker, 
and it will accomplish more for man's happiness than all other 
agencies combined. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 123 

Church socially crowned and perfected organically 
through ''love''^ under the influence ol the Holy Spirit, 
that man's natural faculties and endowments are changed 
spiritually into heavenly powers and gifts. This is done 
chiefly through the ''engrafted Word" which, in the faith- 
ful heart, as the primary source of all affections and 
loyalty, sympathetically infuses the purest and holiest of 
impulses^ of ''goodwill" in the midst of life's endless con- 
flicts and experiences. Consequently, there is but one 
possible common hope of a general world evolution and 
revolution along sociological lines; and this is through 
the medium of the Church above all other institutions, 
as the "centre and soul" of all social reformations and 
national revolutions. She, therefore, should be permitted 
loyally to stand unhampered, in the forefront and lead 
in all human concerns, as Providence intended her to 
fulfill her mission always and everywhere. 

A most unique and signal position indeed is that which 
the Christian church rightfully occupies in the midst of 



^Love is expressed through the heart; and to make room in our 
consciousness for God-love, we must exercise that faculty. On the 
human side, our love is developed through family and friendship 
relations; but in ^'regeneration" we set up, through "grace," love 
activity upon the idea of "newness of life." This sets into "faith"- 
action certain spiritual powers which open the way to consciousness 
of a Supreme Being. 

^Impulses are motive powers. 



124 MODERN PROBLEMS 

the social doings of the people and governments of the 
world. She is the sole dispenser institutionally of gifts 
and treasures eternal which are in themselves of service 
and profit only through the ''communion''-ties which in- 
finitely bind, — bind always and forever, all faithful 
human hearts^ in interests and happiness temporal and 
eternal : Through "the affections'' from motives binding, 
individually using and sociologically appropriating what- 
ever is divinely conferred and assured through the ''means 
of grace'' to quicken and emphasize anevv^ the "correlative" 
gifts and spiritual privileges of the "First Adam" which 
have been continued and are the cause of man's existence 
and possible redemption. This holy condition of affairs 
also bespeaks for him everlastingly a peculiar sphere of 
activity and right of acquisition socially, with provisions 
and rewards, according to the ethico-religious^ application 
which he makes of these ideally and potentially. The 
latter are again operative and become of real worth only 
after synthetically engaging the motives which are 
dynamic agents co-ordinate with the affections and devel- 
opmentally generate proper "desires" which in their 



^See Appended Notes, No. 9. 

^Every ethico-religious act socially faces both inwards and out- 
wards: it belongs to the transcendent world and to the visible; it 
has a soul and body and in value the last is perishable and the 
first imperishable. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 125 

natural state even create the mighty force in the animal 
world including the human family, and so constitute the 
genetic initiative : — Essentially psychical, they become the 
bond which unites sociology closely with psychology/ 

Yet, withal these sociological combinations — natural 
qualifications intended only for man's happiness and well- 
being, when not permitted ethico-religiously to stimulate 
and arouse spiritual enthusiasm but instead are irrelig- 
iously and selfishly disregarded and carnally perverted,^ 
prove of no avail ; for there is left nothing but the "animal 
man" still in control with no character or spiritual or 
social upHft possible. As a result personally there is but 
the fruitage of a cold-hearted unconcern and egotism 
which for the want of ethical objective ideals cause heart- 
rending scenes of disappointment, the blackness of melan- 
choly and frequently the madness of suicide. 

This latter attitude is the most pitiable condition pos- 
sible into which any person can fall, when he so stultifies 
himself as to disregard his moral obligations,^ and even 
prove faithless to his marriage vows : — Invariably there 



^The normal person always aspires to, and is interested in, that 

which is precious and ennobling. 

2"Love wholly engrossed with self is not rational love." 
^To the human mind affections were not given as objects of 

reflection, but as impulses which elevate it to attend worthily to 

what it is called upon to perform. 



126 MODERN PROBLEMS 

follow self-superinduced psychical interferences causing 
imperfections which not only affect man's intellectual fac- 
ulties/ but also in consequence by their non-use and dimi- 
nution in efficiency, handicap him morally and religiously 
in the performances of his duties to self and neighbor. 
Thus the latter state becomes more desperate than the 
first, because of the malign influences exercised by all 
such persons, recreant to their trust, over every morally 
weak member in the community in which they live, and 
because of their reprobate example, further cause the 
prevention of the dissemination of principles divine and 
the advocacy of reforms religious calling for piety and 
honesty, veracity and benevolence. 

Apparently, all such social culprits'^ are as a class wil- 
fully ignoring the fact that they are spiritual beings and 
not members of the brute creation. How willing, there- 
fore, should all persons seeking ''happiness" be to follow 
the ethico-religious promptings of ''the affections" and 
"duty" whenever opportunity offers. For, it is by these 
most peculiarly human endowments and gifts, that they 
in "love" are taught to check and govern themselves as 



^**The affections" alone articulate the solid bony framework of 
that which constitutes social order. 

2**Ethics" renders impossible the enclosure of man within the 
web of his own small self. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 127 

beings personally responsible, — as beings whose associa- 
tional existence or survival are dependent upon ''the affec- 
tions" and ''loyalty'' of each individual forever under the 
control of an immortal soul ceaselessly extending its 
beneficent functions "until sympathy^ includes all men in 
the fellowship of good will" : — Only when these are spir- 
itually "renewed," — normally thus qualified to have an 
intelligent concern for persons, do they in persons only 
and wholly find their end and aim.^ Yea, through their 
outgoing ethical grasp and "religious" goodwill, society 
itself first receives its Christian color of joy and its Heav- 
enly strength of use,^ and so works out the Divine will in 
a holy order upon humanity. Truly, the conditioning law 
of the "survival of the fittest" is here exemplified fully 
under Grace and Mercy. 

Owing to the previously mentioned self-regulating 
reciprocal influence of the affections which, when oper- 
ative sympathetically, are causing social transformations 



^Sympathy is an affection capable of union with all others, 
because of a peculiar ethico-religious constitution; and, therefore, 
of primary importance. "Many acts of devotion and of heroic self- 
sacrifice are due to a sympathy as instinctive as it is elementary." 

^Conduct does not possess an ethical character unless it pro- 
ceeds from a free decision and manifests a spiritual life. 

3"The thrill of fellow-feeling suggests to the thoughtful mind 
som.e hidden bond between *me' and 'thee.' " 



128 MODERN PROBLEMS 

and interests affecting man's well-being,^ there are in 
modern times a significance and sacredness ascribed to 
human life never observed before.^ Especially is this the 
case since Christian society has awakened to the fact that 
man is the only divine being endowed with a ''reasonable 
sour' capable of spiritual development. Consequently, 
physically also, by virtue of his visible, corporeal form, 
he naturally aims, through society,^ at something infinitely 
higher and more sacred than do animals controlled simply 
by instinct and united by purely circumstantial and 



^''Sympathy really means feeling not for people but with people. 
It means the capacity to put yourself with your power of thought, 
your knowledge of the other side, your freedom from their personal 
bias into a similar position to theirs and analysing it, seeing what 
they see, feeling what they feel, and understanding as they cannot. 
It is being glad with them as well as sorry." Of course, it ''takes 
it out of us" to sympathize. 

2It is the "collective manifestation of sympathy which fixes the 
legal status of the feeble and the defective classes, and determines 
the plane of comfort they shall enjoy at public expense. Moreover, 
it authoritatively oversees all discipline and subordination. . . . 
Nor is sympathy without its service to the economic organization. 
It smooths daily intercourse, binds together the members of an 
industrial group, and helps to keep men to the one performance 
of their appointed tasks." 

^Thus "as you are a part of humanity, its prosperity is your 
prosperity, and its sufferings are your sufferings. If you do that 
which is good for humanity, you do good for yourself; but if you 
do that which is injurious to it, you inflict an injury upon yourself. 
A flourishing humanity is your paradise; a decaying humanity, your 
hell." 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 129 

'^economic" bonds, such as we observe in a communion of 
ants or bees, of beavers or prairie dogs. Society is there- 
fore meant to be for man a structure rather than a growth. 
It is intended to span the gulf between purposes indi- 
vidual and objects which are social, — to be the bridge 
between activities on both sides ; and so become the high- 
way of all human achievement. In this way is formed 
a social "channel of manifold divine teachings which by 
means of principles of imitation and sympathy and obedi- 
ence, train the individual man, woman and child whether 
they will or not,'' in ethico-religious knowledge. ''So it 
is actually a school, in reference to the faculty of man's 
nature called reason. Again, with reference to the con- 
science, society is to each man a prohibitionary institution,^ 
one that exercises in manifold ways the first of his moral 
powers, the sense of responsibility. And so in reference 
to his affections, society is a home, a natural place of 
training, in which the heart is taught in a congenial atmos- 
phere, to expand with love and sympathy and respect and 
kindness, and all other f eehngs that tend to our neighbor's 
good, and seek it mainly and rejoice in it, and so by 
blessing him do, in a reflex manner, bless ourselves.^ When 



^See Frontispiece Chart, under "conscience" and "society.' 
2Love is a spiritual expression of innermost fellowship. 



130 MODERN PROBLEMS 

the affections are directed exclusively towards the person 
or individual without respect to the advantages that may 
come from the affections, then so far are they pure and 
noble/ He that has friendship and love towards any 
individual must keep altogether out of thought the bene- 
fits he may derive from him in consequence of that love. 
If once the thought of these benefits be mixed in with this 
affection and calculated upon, then desire takes gradually 
the place of affection which becomes decayed and which 
may perish utterly/' 

This is equally true of ''the child in respect to the 
parent and the parent in respect to the child. Nature tells 
us that filial love should be directed to the parent as 
parent, and the moment the child begins to think of loving 
because of benefits or advantages,— of measuring its love 
by these advantages and weighing so much of the one 
against so much of the other, just so soon does affection 
depart, being adulterated with desire. So with the 
father towards the child: parental affection, if mixed 
with thoughts of benefit is alloyed and changed into some- 
thing else that is not affection but is selfishness and calcu- 
lation. And so of the husband towards the wife, of the 
betrothed or engaged towards one another." 

^The spiritually benevolent affections are among the richest 
sources of personal happiness. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 131 

These truths explain the inabiHty of man as a social 
being to live, normally, ''unto himself/'" For every human 
heart is endowed with the faculty of adaptation implying 
concern, which latter is fully expressed through sympathy 
as an ''interlocking" medium, abiding in the completion 
corporately of everything humanly necessary unto man's 
well-being. Thus it is through sympathy, as the "realizing 
sense" of harmonious responsibilities, that the affections 
are socially enabled to accomplish that which becomes, to 
congregate society, governmentally worthy and lasting. 
But this is true only when sympathy is conceived and 
applied as the "harmony of the affections" which cause 
to "ensue" effects "that come from no mental power or 
conscious effort of the mind, but from an instinctive 'har- 
mony' of that power we have called the 'heart.' " The 
latter again, if spiritually true to itself, — its seeking crav- 
ings and wrestling yearnings, etc., also becomes the only 
reliable guide and divine mentor to society, pure and per- 
manent. 

This statement applies not only to that which vitally and 
sympathetically appeals to the senses, — to "rejoice with 
them who do rejoice, and weep with them who weep," 



^The normally-organized, spiritual-minded person returns to 
society with usury, the gifts with which he has been by society 
endowed. 



132 MODERN PROBLEMS 

but also to that which powerfully gives expression to the 
psychological : — individually discerns the inner tones, 
tempers and powers of oneself, and sociologically also 
enters into the emotions^ and concerns of fellow-beings 
to share vicariously. It is thus that the affections plus 
sympathy, morally,^ ethically and religiously affect that 
vital and abiding harmony and adjustment in the body of 
society by which one heart is linked to another, and the 
needs of the one are supplied by the other :^ Hence, ''the 
oneness of the human race shall not be by the oneness of 
aggregation by which the sands make up a bank of sand ; 



^Emotions enliven as long as they excite admiration only; but 
they quickly enfeeble us if they produce sympathy with an un- 
worthy object to the extent of succumbing to any temptation to 
do evil. 

^One's "morality does not make us social beings any more than 
the foundation of a house makes the house; any more than the 
shell of a nut makes the nut; in short, any more than the mother 
makes the child." For, morality simply expresses the sentiment 
one has of his own natural absoluteness, the feeling one has of a 
selfhood strictly independent of every other person. This accounts 
for Christ's antagonism to the Phariseeism of his day. See Ap- 
pended Notes, No. 9, Note 1. 

^Affections and emotions of love and hate, fear and hope, — 
yearnings, longings, ambitions and aspirations, are all through 
desire, and are embodied in two words, impulse and motive. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 133 

it shall rather be the oneness of vital organization, by 
which the particulars of the human body through sym- 
pathy are one by vital force and vital harmony/' 

Conversely, when man stands apart from human con- 
tact, social protection and environmental harmony, misery 
clearly dominates. Such isolation places him and Nature 
face to face, apart from the sheltering social influences 
and blessings of the family, the State and the Church, and 
he certainly has a thousand fold more unhappiness than 
pleasure. For the real worth of every human life consists 
not in separate existence but altogether in the cooperative 
identification^ of its interests with the interests and con- 
cerns of others. Thus, ''he who clings to self is his own 
enemy, and is surrounded by enemies. He who relin- 
quishes self is his own savior and is surrounded by friends 
like a protecting wall. Before the divine radiance of a 
pure heart, all darkness vanishes and clouds melt away, 
and he who has conquered self has conquered the universe. 
. . . He who walks, aided by the staff of Faith,^ the 
highways of self-sacrifice, will assuredly achieve the 



^Christian co-operation is the ethical keynote to social better- 
ment. 

^Faith is of an appropriation which carries a synthesis and an 
ascent of man's own responsive nature as well as a personal 
advancement and a spiritually lofty elevation within itself. 



134 MODERN PROBLEMS 

highest prosperity, and will reap abounding and enduring 
joy and bliss/'^ Obviously, these facts are all-significant 
to man as a rational social being; doubly so, when one 
knows that even the material universe, for its very exis- 
tence as well as service, is no less dependent upon correct 
relations between all the "heavenly bodies'' with each 
other. 

But, it is only after sympathy through the affections 
has passed from its psychically emotional stages to ''the 
habit'' stage' of service due to God, "brother man" and 
self, that it first responsively becomes of actual impor- 
tance and real usefulness to society. For this reason 
reforms effected through sympathy are the most thorough 
and lasting of all reforms, particularly in those cases in 
which the current of sympathy flows strong and deep in 
the repetition of actions until they become habits : Social 
activities thus systematized, reciprocally increasing in 
energy, grow into customs, as rivers flow in natural 
channels. "The channel of habit is formed by the stream 



*The Apostle St. Paul was greatest in his religious fervor and 
in his aspirations after righteousness. 

^Habit becomes effectually ingrained in us only in proportion 
to the frequency of the repetition of an act. Reflex action does 
the rest. Habit has been called "second nature"; although we 
cannot change our nature, we can change and elevate our aims. 
Ethically, habit becomes a responsive, mechanized tendency. 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 135 

of activity, and then guides the stream. The deepening 
channel, cut by the continued flow, makes it increasingly 
difficult to turn the stream from the wonted course. That 
is, a habit once acquired is self-perpetuating, so that only 
extraordinary conditions can turn the stream of activity 
into a new channel. 

"Small increase in knowledge of moral'' and religious 
''truth is usually insufficient to modify an established 
habit. Increasing . . . light, however, causes uneasi- 
ness, until it becomes clear, at length, that we are in 
possession of . . . truth which demands a change in 
our lives. Then there is apt to be more or less of a 
struggle, the issue of which is either the triumph of the 
habit and the deterioration of character, or the breaking 
up of the old habit of doing or not doing, and an expres- 
sion of the new light in a new life with changed activities. 
This process is repeated, over and over, so that moral and 
religious growth usually shows a series of changes more 
or less cataclysmal. Because this is true of the individual, 
it is also true of society, its inherent customs become 
the confirmed habits of its members. New lights meet 
first with indifference and then with opposition. Increas- 
ing light causes increasing uneasiness, until at length a 
change more or less revolutionary transforms society." 



136 MODERN PROBLEMS 

All these changes, if meant to be continued and perma- 
nent as socially Christian, must be founded on voluntary- 
obedience to the law of love referred to in lieu of God's 
promises. There is but one way in which this can be 
accomplished; namely: By ''the spirit"^ of man, as "in- 
dividuated'' by his body, through which he, by faith initia- 
tively and reciprocally, is enabled to exercise sympathy 
and loyalty under the guidance of the Holy Spirit and 
through the efficacious energy and illuminating power of 
the ''Word," — only and wholly through the "Word made 
flesh." Which "Word" is Hved out reciprocally, experi- 
enced and expressed associationally in personal adherence 
to and by participation in fellowship at the altar,^ by 
which all partakers are spiritually joined to and visibly 
incorporated with the "communion of saints" fast taking 
possession of the world. 

It is, therefore, here that all spontaneous love is truly 
assimilated and conjoined through the affections with 
sympathy responsive, which loyally again, when further 



^See Appended Notes, Nos. 7 and 8. 

^The sacraments of the Church have three correlative elements: 
the Divine words of institution, the visible earthly means and 
heavenly redemption-gifts. In the Lord's Supper it is "only when 
the bread is taken and eaten and the wine is taken and drunk, — 
and not before or afterwards, that the promise of the bodily 
presence belongs." 



THEIR SOCIAL SOLUTIONS 137 

focalized and ultimately standardized sociologically, de- 
mand a self-mastery and Christian consistency projected 
by habits in conduct uniform and worthy/ All this is 
possible through the quickening knowledge and authori- 
tative wisdom of the Church of Jesus Christ, which also 
charge her with the responsibility of using her position 
and power civically even, whenever necessary/ It is 
thus that the Church corporately becomes disciplinary in 
her contact with the world, and therefore morally justified 
in her reformatory attacks upon the economic and social 
ills which underlie poverty, juvenile crime and parental 
delinquency. Yea, when she shall further become inti- 
mately associated wherever there is hunger to be satisfied, 
thirst to be slacked, homeless want to be housed, naked- 
ness to be clad, sickness to be relieved, prison-doors to 
be opened/ Thus only can the Christian church hope 
through her activities successfully to engender that his- 



^"Activity alone gives man a sure feeling of reality; without 
activity life threatens to vanish as a shadow and a dream." 

^Indeed, the more the Church develops into her full earthly 
independence, the more will she assert the claims of the human 
and temporal elements of her visible organization. 

^It is thus that Revelation and History, both alike, "proclaim 
with unmistakable emphasis that God chooses the foolish things 
of the world to confound the wise, the weak things to confound 
the mighty, and the base things and things which men despise, 
. . . in order that no flesh should exalt itself in His presence." 



138 MODERN PROBLEMS 

torical combination and eternal return-movement which 
projectively shall make her the world-power, and so uni- 
versally federate and immortalize^ the two great entities 
of human life : the human soul which is to seek righteous- 
ness and eternal life; and the human race, which is to 
seek righteousness and the Kingdom of God. All this will 
occur when the Millenium shall have arrived in its sov- 
ereign glory of peace and plenty. 

''Glorious things" indeed must be ''spoken" of the 
Church, — "Zion, City of our God." For "He Whose 
word cannot be broken, formed her" of faith through the 
"communion of saints" and the same Holy Spirit, where- 
by He, "the Word, became flesh" ; so that the faithful of 
all time, by His flesh-breath of kinship in glorified bodies, 
shall reside eternally with Him in the bliss and glory of 
"the new Heaven and the new earth," and set Him as 
Saviour on high and crown Him forever "King of Kings 
and Lord of Lords." 



^Thus present-day non-Christian "economic" endeavors which 
at best are of little and no permanent value to man, dependent as 
they are for support, altogether from without, and in energies 
devoted wholly to the service of the natural, — when sociologically 
enforced, are nothing more than mere entangling pretences. It is 
only in the crucified and risen Jesus Christ, — in this suffering 
and as such glorified form, that every Divine perfection is revealed 
in unblemished lustre, so that he who sees Him sees the Father. 



Psychical Stages of Development. 



Attention^ 

— concentric -. 
— conceptive 



Passive 

— spontaneous.^ . ^. f Response f Inspiration 

r Concentration • ., ^. ^ 

— native . .^ — assimilative — from the 

A ^. \ — of ideas \ ^. ■> \ ^ ^ 

Active 1 . , , i,^ 1 — perceptional 1 teacher 

— of thoughts ^ ^. . X, 

— voluntary *^ I — constructive I — m the pupil 

— acquired 



Interest^ 

— presentative -- 
— compelling 



Native 

— From the sphere 

of sensation 
Artificial 
— ^Acquired through 

the association 

of objects, 

anecdotes, etc. 



Objective 

— experimental 
— historical 
Subjective 

— connecting with 
native interests 

— developing asso- 
ciate ideas 
and thoughts 



Preparation 

— correlating 
the new and 
the old. 



Memory^ 

— reciprocative 
— accretive 



Associational \ Quality 

— by general | — native f Action 

retention 4 — cultivated .j — passive 

— by special | — depart- [ — active 
recall [ mental 



[ Imagery 

J — motor 
I — auditory 



^ Apperceptlonal f Consciousness 

Conception^ | — of sense [ Ideation | — from the \ Knowledge 

— concrete ^ properties -S — moral -l outer world -| — general 

— abstract | — of mind I — spiritual I — from the f — special 

1 factors 1^ inner mind 

Imagination^ [ Quality I' Action |^ See |^ Copyright 

— automatic ^ — emotional -{ — conventional ^ Frontispiece -j by G. C. H. 

— volitional I — prudential I — temperamental [ Chart. I Hasskarl. 



^Attention primarily deals with things concrete and interests closely con- 
nected with the individual. 

^Interest is the sequel of persevering desire. Functionally, it is of intuition, 
determined by education and environment. 

^Memory is the conserving faculty of the mind of adaptation, ejecting. It 
is concentration in the making. 

^Conception is the perceptive faculty of forming ideas or images as a type 
or class. It furnishes the vocabulary to thought, itself architectonical. 

^Imagination is the inference-appropriating and concept-building faculty. 
It acts in accord with self, the intellect, emotions and will; wisely applied, 
it will yield in interest hundred-fold. 



CHAPTER V. 

Pedagogical Problems and Their Solutions. 

Intelligence that never tires nor becomes tiresome must 
be rooted first in religion/ next in general knowledge, and 
finally in science. Upon these lines the preceding chapters 
were developed ; and in this chapter, the principles previ- 
ously laid down are pedagogically applied." Consequently, 
from an ethico-religious viewpoint, intelligence,^ natural 
and acquired, prepares the soil, furnishes the seed and 
effects the planting of all that is really serviceable in true 
education.* 

Educators everywhere are beginning to realize more 
and m.ore clearly that simple attendance upon schools, 
secular or religious, however well equipped, is not 



^Religion from the beginning set the world thinking and serving. 

^See Frontispiece Chart under "Initial." 

^"Intellect is of the head. Intelligence is of the heart. Intellect 
is man, intelligence is God." 

*The best institutions of learning are those that foster the 
spirit of intellectual and religious activities rather than the attain- 
ment of mere athletic "victories." 



142 MODERN PROBLEMS 

enough ;^ but that both must further be supported by that 
which individually and socially involves special, careful, 
spiritual cultivation as well as intelligent application,'' 
along hnes and upon principles which are naturally genetic 
and spiritually germane' to man, in regard to his many- 
sided nature, — physical, intellectual, aesthetic, social and 
spiritual, lest the physical should dominate the whole and 
effect disaster. 

There is today a general, vociferous demand for an 
educational reformation, — from a Christian viewpoint 
and upon eternal principles, according to the terms of 
''faith'' which spiritually and intellectually connect what 
is natural with the eternal, not by continuity but by cor- 
respondence, and so reciprocally first qualify man to per- 
ceive and to accomplish life's purpose according to divine 
rules and social modes of training.* Insurgency is, there- 



^True education can be obtained only through struggle, — resis- 
tance against whatever would enervate or retard the individual in 
his attempts to progress or through rigid discipline. 

2An intelligent, spiritual thinking process includes abstraction, 
generalization, conception, judgment and reasoning. 

^To know a thing is to know the process by which it becomes 
of real utility. 

*The "order of nature" will forever be diametrically opposed to 
our modern haste, anxiety and impatience in the endeavor to effect 
immediate, positive, cumulative results. Altogether antagonistic 
to the training of "a sound mind in a sound body" and to proper 
spiritual development is the unreasoning and unreasonable, and 
often disastrous, wild "rush" attempted nx)W-a-days. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 143 

fore, in evidence on account of the want of an infiniting 
structural equilibrium^ which alone will fully meet mod- 
em industrial and social demands, civically and religiously, 
the world over." 

This new attitude and omnipresent condition of unrest 
is due largely to the pedagogical influence of modern 
psychology with no thought as to the needs of the im- 
mortal soul and its ethical development : Inductive method 
of study of mental development, ''especially in the tran- 
sition periods, has shown how intimately are changes in 
religious life connected with normal phases of growth 
socially, and how greatly is progress or retardation de- 
pendent upon environment."^ 

Since therefore ''of all living things the child is the 



^It is solely through an ethical thoroughness and a Christian 
culture broad as life itself, that man can practically reach the 
highest ideals of a well-rounded life here, with the hope of "full 
fruition" in the life to come. 

^Standing today as does the world, "on the verge of an aspira- 
tion after essential culture," there must be a soul-stirring "culture 
of the whole man" — after an eternal "inwardness which corre- 
sponds" to the most holy "meanings of the Spiritual Life." 

^Thus in life is acquired that personal, well-directed energy which 
plays an important part in sustaining social activity and promoting 
the well-being of each member of the community, individually and 
collectively. The most potent means of self-realization is in fact 
by way of human society. 



144 MODERN PROBLEMS 

most sensitive/'^ — the most susceptible to the influences 
of environment, which act upon it as the scenes of the 
outside world act upon the plate of a camera, it is through 
its sensations and the employment of its impressions upon 
the senses, that a harmonious moral development can be 
perfected. Particularly is this the case after the child 
reaches the age of expression,^ when he can employ mental 
imagery to stimulate his inherent intellectual and spiritual 
capacities/ These, when the intellectual is spiritually de- 
veloped, will, by the time he reaches the age of adoles- 
cence, free him from the bondage of educational systems* 
which ignore the divine object of man's social being and 
its in-finiting spiritual needs, whose eternal requirements 
are to be sought only in the corporate response of human- 
ity to the life-principles of the Holy Scriptures.* These 
spiritually regenerating forces are educationally as fun- 



^The fact that every normal new-born child carries with it the 
germ of a spiritual consciousness which begins to expand imme- 
diately, is proof that it is far removed from a purely animal origin 
or existence. 

^Through the five senses, imagination, etc., the child is first 
awakened into conscious life. 

^Actual stupidity, in nine cases out of ten in children, is caused 
not by deficiency in the mental faculties temperamentally, but by 
inertness of the moral and spiritual powers. 

^See Appended Notes under "Instruction," No. 10. 

^The question of the aim of education is an ethico-religious one; 
and like all other ethico-religious questions, it seeks not to establish 
facts, but to set up norms and standards ideal and spiritual. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 145 

damental to man, as gravity functionally is necessary to 
physics, and light to optics. There can be, therefore, no 
separating of that which trains the mind from that which 
trains the soul. Both require, in the individual and in 
society, simultaneous instruction in the unveiling of the 
truth of things temporal as well as eternal."^ 

Eternal benedictions are all these — for the Church and 
State alike, which find their beginning in the infant Jesus, 
— • God's "only Son,'' in order that man might have an 
infallible example, and begin the training of his offspring* 
in earliest childhood,^ which is "the purest, sweetest, and 
in many respects the best period of human life." In rela- 
tion to the individuality of each child born into the world, 
— it is more than a replica of the parental picture, more 
than the duplicate of some other child. In truth it is the 
possessor of an original soul* and, if it is to grow up and 
develop as God intends every child to do, it must be 
helped dynamically through the ordinances of the Chris- 



^The teacher's calling should primarily be that of an interpreter 
of truth; but it becomes consequently its priest and prophet as well. 

2As the child is the hope of the future, "our most valuable 
national asset,'* it should also be the real object of every educa- 
tional effort including its parents. 

n. Samuel 1:27,28; Deut. 11:19-21; 6:6-9; Psalms 78:5-8. 

^Heredity and temperament mark out in broad outlines the limits 
of man's abilities natural and acquired. 



146 MODERN PROBLEMS 

tian church, to unfold so as to increase in soul-expansion 
and spirit-power — in ''wisdom and stature" along lines 
of its own God-given incremental originality/ 

The various stages of the child's growth suggest for 
themselves, at the same time, the course of instruction to 
be followed and likewise the educational methods to be 
employed/ There are, generally speaking, four quite 
distinct periods in child development which stand out 
sharply before every instructor, and which claim his most 
careful study/ Infancy, the instinctive, sense-period of 
growth; childhood, the intuitional, expression-period of 
preparation; puberty, the metamorphosic, demonstrative- 
period of ambition; and adolesence, the choice-inductive- 
period practically into the world of society. Yet there is 
nothing, in any of these periods, which is intended to be 
developed and owned individually, that is not inherently 
serviceable and permanent socially. 

The Age of Instinct 

This period of babyhood is wholly the age of instinct; 



^"To prepare us for complete living is the function which educa- 
tion has to discharge, and the only rational mode of judging of any- 
educational course, is to judge in what degree it discharges such 
a function." 

^In regard to "methods": — the function of their work is to 
adjust the subjects taught to their contiguous inward and outward 
relations. 

3The ethico-genetic development is most important — the religio- 
genetic follows. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 147 

it is in part also the expression of inherent ancestral 
traits and temperamental tendencies. The infant belongs 
to the home, in which, too, all its individual educational 
beginnings should be ante-dated, by Christian fidelity^ of 
paternity and maternity, for this in a large measure deter- 
mines the nature, the capacities, and the destiny of each 
child. Parental fidelity and devotion^ are therefore the 
first debts that parents owe to child, to humanity and 
to God. 

The Age of Impulse 

In this period of early childhood, which extends from 
the third to the sixth year of its life, falls also the line 
which separates babyhood from childhood.^ 



^"The quality of the brain in the child depends in part upon 
the love of the father and the mother, upon the father's moral 
character and the mother's maternal devotion." 

2To woman love is life, — '* 'tis woman's whole existence"; of 
man's life, love is said to be "a thing apart," yet to him it is the 
joy of life. 

^It is at this stage of life that the child should be placed in the 
Kindergarten Department of one to three grades. Here the use 
of Bible picture cards and charts and the telling of stories of simple 
obedience, will move the child to spontaneous deeds of love and 
sympathy. For the child, "spiritually discerned" and quickened 
through the grace of Baptism, is religiously-inclined long before 
it can express its feelings. The following Bible-stories will prove 
quite helpful to the teacher and suggestive to the pupils: Rebekah 
at the well, the captive maid and Naaman, Ruth and Naomi, the 
little lad who helped feed the five thousand, the widow of Zarephath 
helping the prophet, Christ and the nobleman's son, Christ at Nain, 
the Lord's Prayer. 



148 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Physically, the child's growth is rapid, full of impulse 
and ceaseless activity. 

Ethically, the child as to its sense-activity, is largely 
developed on the side of egotism/ ''I," "me," *'mine,'' 
are the words it constantly uses; it acts not from the 
conscience, for that is only slightly developed, nor from 
the moral understanding, for the child as yet has little; 
but rather "desires for pleasure and praise, the oppor- 
tunity to gratify vanity, — these are the unconscious 
motives beyond its many activities." The appeal for cor- 
rection therefore "must be made to its better side, to the 
pleasure of doing good, and desire for the praise of those 
it loves." 

Psychically, the child begins to show a growing curi- 
osity' to see things, to hear things, and to know their 
names. This is the period of the beginning of mental 
growth, when the functions of seeking and recording 
knowledge first become active. The eager curiosity, inter- 
mittent, is followed by an easy forgetting; "this instability 



^Most of a child's egotistic pleasures are of a psychically sentient 
order. 

2"The child's curiosity, let it be repeated, is his capital.'* Wisely 
directed it will yield in many ways compound interest. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 149 

makes the child singularly open to mental suggestion/ 
. . . The bright presentation of a helpful activity^ 
usually causes him to drop his wrong doing for a right 
one.^ For this reason we must avoid emphasizing or even 
speaking of what we do not want him to say or what we 
do not want him to do.'' 

Socially, the child is introduced to a new world. 'Tn 
babyhood he had the notion that he was the centre of the 
world; he has been allowed, perhaps, to be the King of 
his domestic world; but now the King must become a 
subject in a new world of School.* He early learned how 



***It is by the analysis of the processes of knowledge that the 
child rises to the idea of necessity of law, and from that moment 
it diligently seeks what is necessary — obedience to the law. 
Necessity implies universality. When it is practical it is called 
the rule of conduct, which involves respect for the moral law." — 
"The child likes obstacles, he creates them for himself, so as to 
have the pleasure of surmounting them." The purpose of life 
is radiation, undivided and undistracted. 

^This, in a nutshell, is the secret of successful teaching, gracious- 
ness without undue familiarity, "sweet reasonableness" and a 
thorough knowledge of the subjects taught, preserve the interest 
of the pupils and hold them as a sympathetic, daily-improving 
audience. "Like begets like." 

^A child's conversation and actions are the joint results of his 
temperament, character and circumstances. 

^Pleasure, which results from the gratification of a tendency, 
is as essential to the development of the inner child as are pure air 
and clean water necessary to the outer. In fact, play and clean 
amusements of every kind are natural disciplinarians. "It is in the 
play-day of childhood that social sympathy, a social sense, and a 
social habit are evolved." 



150 MODERN PROBLEMS 

to be active and not hurt himself ; now comes the harder 
lesson of learning how to act without hurting others. To 
have his own rights crossed by the rights of others and 
not resent it, is a new hardship. Self-control for self's 
sake comes comparatively easily, but self-control for 
others' sake is a different matter." In this great ''why" 
period of childhood, therefore, "there is only one ground 
of effective appeal: his little heart is tender and sympa- 
thetic ; a wise appeal to it is seldom made in vain." 

The Age of Imitation^ 

This has its beginning in the period of middle child- 
hood, and extends from the sixth to the ninth year of 
age. 'The child that does not imitate does not learn."^ 



^At this age of imitation, which merges into emulation, — for 
emulation is the impulse of imitation as well as of ambition, the 
child should be placed in the Primary Department, one of three 
grades according to the size of the classes. In this department the 
use of the Bible picture chart first becomes of actual service; for 
the dawn of "conception" has come, when short stories of the 
reasonableness of obedience should be told, and the introduction 
of sand- table work will prove profitable to the pupil. Subjects 
suggestive and exemplary ought to be selected; for the pupil's sense 
of an authority outside of himself needs to be strengthened by 
lessons on God's authority and human obedience, according to "The 
Commandments." A short series of Old Testament Biography may 
also be profitably introduced. 

^Imitations are never perfect reproductions. Like waves of 
light, they are refracted by their media. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 151 

Physically, the sense-perception is at its best/ In the 
previous period the child is restless ; but in this its activity 
is less impulsive but more aggressive and is guided by 
reason. The child "is beginning to realize that something 
must be done in order that other things may be enjoyed."^ 
"He must rise in time and dress in time, or he cannot eat 
breakfast with his father/' It is wisest to cultivate this 
beginning of "necessary perception," and to emphasize it 
in needed discipline/ 

Ethically, the child in this stage imitates, not from 
choice, but from need of adaptation to the social environ- 
ment. "That is considered 'right' which mother and 
teacher allow or that is 'wrong' which they forbid. . . . 
Yet, mental judgment and moral choice are beginning to 



^The faculties of the child habitually operate in a direct and 
not in a reflex manner; its perception and its reason operate 
directly, — that is, by direct application to the object, and not by 
reflection. Of itself it does not direct its attention to its own 
internal acts, does not think upon its own thoughts, does not 
conibine ideas, nor seek in them the certainty of its judgment. 

^Facility of thought-action results in easily acquired habit which, 
eventually, develops into regular conduct in all the affairs of life. 

^The idea of "breaking the will" of children is wholly erroneous. 
What is needed is the training of their understanding in such a 
manner that knowledge of right living and conscience will effect 
the mastery of self-will and selfishness, to the exclusion of unworthy 
promptings and the exaltation of all that is inherent in each one's 
**better nature." 



152 MODERN PROBLEMS 

influence conduct; consequently, good and bad emotions^ 
are beginning, and the foundation is being laid for those 
moral and spiritual habits which determine character.^ 
. . . Appeals for good conduct must be addressed to 
the affections, to self-respect; i. e., he must follow the 
good, the true, the right, the noble, if he would be happy 
and receive the respect and approval of those he loves/' 
This is the age of childhood in which example counts for 
more than precepts. 

Psychically, the child's memory is now most retentive. 
He delights '^to commit to memory anything in which he 
is interested. Attention^ is alert, but impulse is intermit- 
tent, — easily caught, but difficult to retain.* His hunger 
to know things and their qualities, is no longer satisfied 
with names only. But his ideas about things are few, 



^Ideas are the imagery of the intellect. Emotions are emana- 
tions of the heart. Benevolent emotions are constructive; malevo- 
lent emotions are destructive. 

2* 'Virtues may be defined as habits of the will and modes of 
conduct which tend to promote the welfare of individual and col- 
lective life. Impulses form their natural bases." 

^Concentrated attention depends upon the content of mind and 
heart, — upon apperception and association. Teachableness implies 
a willingness and desire to know. 

***The acquisition of knowledge ought to be the result of the 
spontaneous activity of the child; the normal exercise of the facul- 
ties being in itself pleasurable, study if well directed should be 
interesting." 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 153 

often whimsical ; for imagination is so active that it takes 
the place of ideas and sometimes even the place of truth/ 
He sees the real world about him, but he is not permitted 
to enter it, so he creates a world of 'a make-believe.'^ 
He feels that by imitating adult life he will in some way 
be able to understand it/' 

Socially, there are many changes awaiting the child at 
this stage of life/ ''He is discipHned, and obliged to take 
humbler views of himself. In order to play with others 
he is compelled to consider others, and to subordinate 
his own ideas to the rule of the game and the wishes of 
the majority. In play he finds a joyous use of feet and 
hands and voice. His new social world absorbs him.* 
Words, deeds, dress, conduct, — all are recorded by keen 
senses and an active memory. And memory repeats 



^The imagination as the mirror- concept of subjective thought, 
is often to youth the horoscope of their future personal character. 

2"The happy child is more beautiful, more loving and lovable, 
more spontaneous, open and sincere" than the unfortunate little 
one of unhappy disposition; but the latter requires, even more than 
the former, tactful guidance and the evidence of love on the part of 
its parents and teachers. 

^The child's mind is fed by the problems which it solves. Its 
first impressions ever remain, and are ineffaceable in their influence. 

*The reason why children are happy is because they are gifted 
with so expansive a memory that it can pass over the universe of 
things without fixing on a single object. 



154 MODERN PROBLEMS 

everything that touches it. Slang, profanity, the true 
word, the foul word, the prayer, — all are the same to 
him. His moral emotions and will power are both too 
weak to guide or protect.'' The situation is a grave one. 
It ought to make parents and teachers alike, realize the 
supreme importance of the child's playmates and com- 
panions. 

The Age of Habit^ 

This is the period of later childhood, which extends 
from the ninth to the twelfth year of life. It is pre- 
eminently, though not exclusively, the age of ''habit," 
when the imagination begins to dominate the child's 
desires, ideals, etc. 



^At this age of "building" the youth should be prepared to enter 
the Main Department of a Sunday-school. The grades may be 
named, first, second, third, etc., and each grade should cover one 
or more years of instruction. The Bible is now to be taught not 
as disconnected stories, but as **sacred history." This also is "The 
History and Geography-loving period," to which belongs the 
National History of the Hebrews, the study of the Geography of 
the Holy Land as a whole, and as divided into sections. To these 
lessons may be added an outline study of Genesis, Exodus, Levi- 
ticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, with the prominent personages 
mentioned in the Pentateuch centres. In addition there should be 
furnished an outline study of the Life and Work of Joshua as 
foreshadowing the Life and Work of Jesus Christ, outline study 
of the Life of Samuel the Prophet, and of David the King; followed 
with "The History of the Books of Scripture," and ending with 
lessons on the "Apostles' Creed." 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 155 

Physically, the brain-growth of youth is practically 
completed, and its mental faculties are now struggling for 
the first place, with the imagination in the lead. Hence- 
forth all its activities become intentional; ''but whether 
more constructive or destructive is decided by the youth's 
teachers,^ in the home, in the school, and on the play 
grounds. It is time to watch and pray and wisely guide. 
. . . Now also, the boy or girl may begin to form rude 
habits and repulsive or vulgar mannerisms which may 
last a life-time."^ 

Ethically, the youth is now beginning to know himself, 
''not merely as a sensuous but as an intellectual and moral 
being. And in each of these spheres he is rapidly forming 
habits that will bless or curse his whole life. Conscience 
has awakened, but whether its moral forces or his new 
animal appetites and lusts shall shape his conduct is an 
open question. He begins to have visions of an unknown 
future, he dreams of good, and he dreams of evil, and 
everything seems equally possible.^ He needs individual 



^No parent or teacher of sterling or virile virtues is ever unim- 
portant or vulgar; few though his or her educational advantages 
and humble as his or her social position may be. 

^Sow an act, and you reap a habit; sow a habit, and you reap 
a character; sow a character, and you reap a destiny. 

^Through the dispositional inclinations of youth and man, tem- 
peramentally, their innate possibilities are foreshadowed. 



156 MODERN PROBLEMS 

guidance, he needs high ideals, noble plans, concrete ex- 
amples of moral heroism. He needs to be helped to culti- 
vate manliness, self-control, self-denial, and loyalty to 
conscience. Right, truth and duty should be made clear 
to him and crystallized in deeds and conduct."^ Train his 
will for strength, etc. . . . Above all, this is the 
period in which to fix moral and spiritual habits, regularity 
in private devotion, purity in words and conduct, in mind 
and heart." 

Psychically, this is ''the golden age of verbal memory" 
to youth. Every ''healthy child delights to commit, and 
now remembers what he commits" to memory. "Judg- 
ment is active, yet crude, and needs careful guidance.'' 
. . . Reason has developed and facts are sought for 
the sake of the ideas behind them. The mind is beginning 
to group and classify its knowledge. The time has come 
to begin the systematic study of history and doctrine and 
science. . . . To fix in the child habits of observation 



^Virtues which bear no relations to God and "neighbor" are 
simply valueless. 

^Inherited tendencies and temperamental aptitudes assist greatly 
in laying the foundation of character, individual guidance and 
experience; they are vitally potential factors in such formation, 
whether for good or evil. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 157 

and attention, of accurate memorizing and exact verbal 
statement, will strengthen not only his attention, memory 
and expression, but it will also improve judgment and 
strengthen his reason" and habit of truthfulness. 

Socially, the youth is now beginning to realize what is 
meant by self-consciousness, — he is learning to know that 
"he is only a part of the family, a member of the school, 
a fragment of society. He also begins to feel that he has 
certain responsibilities growing out of these relations.^ He 
should therefore be given definite duties not only at Sun- 
day and day-school, but in and about the Church and 
home, at the store or office, and in social life.^ Only in 
this way can a sense of personal responsibility, the very 
foundation of all morality and religion, be trained and 
strengthened.'' 



^Feelings are sensations intensive. With the inception of ethical 
feelings comes the intellectualization of instinctive wants and intui- 
tional needs. Feelings and thoughts are inseparable and mutually 
dependent upon consciousness. 

2The accommodating self is the learning self. 



158 MODERN PROBLEMS 



The Age of Transition' 



This storm-and-stress period of early adolescence from 
*^the projective to the subjective," extends from the 
twelfth to the sixteenth year of life. ''This period is to 
youth one of great and rapid physical and psychical changes 
which necessarily bring with them great physical as well as 
psychical perils, and what is equally important, great 
moral dangers and spiritual possibilities," also making this 
period what is too seldom realized : -— "the age of moral 
crisis,"^ in which the ''ego" and the "altar" jointly, for 



^At the end of this period the youth should be qualified to enter 
the Senior or Bible-class Department of one of three grades. This 
period calls 'for the study of the Divisions of Israel, Israel in Cap- 
tivity, Israel after its return to Jerusalem, Christ's coming **in the 
fulness of time," the Miracles and Parables of Christ Jesus, the 
Birth of the Christian Church, the Missionary Journeys of St. Paul, 
the Early Christian Churches, the early Missionary Fields of the 
Church and Her Missionaries, the Dogmaticians of the Church of 
the Middle Ages, the Great Christian Reformers, the First Mis- 
sionary-Pastors in America. The first Principles of Christianity in 
their practical relations and duties towards mankind, should like- 
wise be considered; also, the various Charitable and Philanthropic 
and Humanitarian Enterprises of Modern Centuries. 

^The mental metamorphosis is just as profound as the physical 
at puberty. In the growth of children from the twelfth to the 
sixteenth years, this is the period of "early adolescence," when the 
tides of religious thought and tendencies begin to sweep through 
the soul of youth. This is naturally succeeded by "The Age of 
Romance." 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 159 

the first time, are actually enabled to express themselves 
through the conscience proper/ 

Physically, the youth at this stage is growing so rapidly 
and unevenly that he becomes embarrassed. ''His arms 
and legs are too long, his hands and feet too large, they 
are constantly getting in his way. He is awkward, and 
he knows it, and is uncomfortable. . . . To blame or 
to ridicule him is a cruel mistake.'' Also ''to withhold 
from him the information of the meaning and the dangers 
of this period of puberty is a sin against his physical and 
moral natures." Therefore the youth of both sexes 
should be early informed of every change that naturally 
comes at this period of life, in a very serious, yet loving 
and sympathetic manner.^ 

Ethically, the youth developing in judgment and reason, 
now becomes more conscious of self and his power. "It 
is the age of teasing, bullying, fighting and of doing 
'stunts' which usually spring from ambition or a desire 



^Education is noblest when its produces reflective, Christian 
activity. 

2When gratitude and appreciation are active in consciousness, 
there is a ready appropriation of spiritual ideas; the flow of 
gratitude and appreciation in the heart makes the spiritual influx 
possible. Matt. 7:2; Luke 6:38. 



160 MODERN PROBLEMS 

to 'show off/^ If a boy or girl is humorous, he or she 
is given to practical jokes or irreverence. Near the close 
of this period there is a strong growth of the religious 
emotions, generally seen in girls a year earher than in 
boys, and in both demanding sympathetic and careful 
instruction. Filled with conflicting hopes, clashing aims, 
and contending ambitions, which they do not understand, 
and cannot interpret even to themselves, the girl and the 
boy of this period need more than at any other age, wise 
and sympathetic guidance and loving companionship/' 
For ''confirmation" this is the most favorable time and 
it is so marked out by the progress of youth and the 
experience of the race."^ 

Psychically, the youth shows in different ways, that he 
is fully conscious of his individuality, will and rights, and 
that he intends to exercise them.^ ''He often does this in 



^''Excessive culture of physical powers and disregard for intel- 
lectual and moral growth produce the brute, . . . while exces- 
sive cultivation of the emotions without due balance in other 
qualities produces sickly sentimentalism with blind, ungovernable 
passion." 

2At the time of ''confirmation, the first appearance of religious 
sentiment at nearly the same stage at which the moral law began 
to grow up," furnishes proof of man's ethical origin and mission. 

^Character is elevated by means of the personal ideal, — elevating 
personal dignity and enhancing personal worth. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 161 

contradictory ways. He may be bashful or willful, re- 
ticent or self-assertive and stubborn. It is the girls' 'tom- 
boy' age, and her brother's 'bad-boy' age." Consequently 
it should be the parents' and the teachers' aim to help 
both ''to realize that individuality means responsibility; 
that rights are inseparable from duties ; and that a strong 
will is not for self-assertion but self-control."^ We should 
appeal to the youth's reason, not to force ; we should give 
him more confidence and more of life's work and respon- 
sibility." 

Socially, the sexes are usually mutually repellant, and 
are separated in their amusements. "The girls form 
cliques, and the boys organize gangs for neighborhood 
fights, destructions, stealings or some other phase of for- 
bidden peril or lawlessness." Again, they give expres- 
sion to "activities which call for physical power, individ- 
ual skill and personal courage, such as fishing, hunting 
and camping out;^ the heroic records of the athlete and 
the soldier share their attention with the 'dime novel' " 
and the "moving picture shows." The girls are some- 



^Concentration of thought depends upon interest and attention. 
Wherever the interest is, to that object it will draw the attention. 
See "Psychical Stages of Development." 

^It is by recreation that the young man gains relaxation and 
invigoration, — an indispensable requirement of healthy growth. 



162 MODERN PROBLEMS 

times spiteful and frequently over-eloquent to their ''all- 
wise" brothers who see little or nothing attractive in their 
sisters' new interest in home life — domestic activities or 
regulations. 

The Age of Romance and Ideals^ 
This period of middle adolescence extends from about 
the sixteenth to the nineteenth year of Hfe, and is, more 
than any other, the age of romance and day-dreaming. 

Physically, youth at the end of this period reach nearly 
their full height, weight and manly and womanly vigor. 
Meantime ''there is a healthy desire to exercise and a 
love for games.^ Nervous development follows closely 
upon the physical, and often results in marked changes 
in face and unexpected development in bodily form." 



^The pupil should be prepared to enter the Adult Department, 
which includes the Bible Classes, and the Normal- Classes for the 
training of teachers. Here the subjects of the previous period are 
to be more thoroughly particularized. Additions: — The Way of 
Salvation of the Old and the New Testaments; the Christian Church 
according to the Acts of the Apostles, and as continued down 
through the centuries: The History of Martyrdom and the Cru- 
sades, the early Reformation Movements in and of the Church, 
and finally the Protestant Reformation, the Study of Christian 
Doctrine, the History of Christian denominations, the History of 
Worship and the Nature of Devotion. Subjects these which will 
furnish also an abundance of material for religious reflection to 
Adult Bible Classes in the church. 

^Pleasure is an abstraction which is to be found only in the 
concrete of mental life. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 163 

Ethically, the youth is emotionally most active, sexually, 
as seen in the greater care given to personal adornment, 
choice of books and recreation/ The sexes are mutually 
attractive; but undue familiarity should be discouraged. 
Conscience is thoroughly active, ''expressing itself not 
alone in severe criticism of self, but also in the criticism 
of others, and it m.ay become morbid and cynical. It is 
the age of moral decision and moral conquest. It is 
also the age of immoral decisions, the crime-beginning 
age, the natural result of false ideals, perverted moral 
standards or irreligious decisions.'' Sympathy also is be- 
coming active socially, and it is shown in generous help 
and nobler aims for self and for others. Unselfish feelings 
and desires are making their influence felt. 

Psychically, the youth's mind attains the full capacity.^ 
His ''aimless day-dreaming is passing into visions and 
ideals of active life, and into endeavors to decide upon 
his own life work." . . . Imagination becomes normal, 
active and creative. . . . Reason is strong, but it is 
not yet able to master the emotions." 



^Character and disposition depend on socially ethical incentives 
and religious discipline. 

^When the youth's interest in the type or class becomes livelier 
than his interest in the individual, then scientific studies should 
receive his attention. 

^Choice is of the heart and will, developing them, when controlled, 
into character, but when controlling, into passions. The same 
holds true of the affections and emotions also. 



164 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Socially, "the enjoyment of society, and particularly of 
the society of the opposite sex, is apt to become the con- 
trolling impulse for a time. It is from a moral conviction, 
but to be harmless it must be kept on a high plane, and 
within the pure surroundings of the home and the church." 
For, it is through the social consciousness that youth 
should obtain his belief of the purpose of the objective 
world.* 

The Age of Decision' 

This period of later adolescence, fromx the nineteenth 
to the twenty-third year of life, may be called "the age 
of decision.'' 

Physically, there is a slight growth in height and weight 
with "increase of firmness of flesh and in strength of 
muscles and nerves, resulting in greater power of en- 
durance." 

Ethically, "the emotions generally are less impulsive, 
but they are not less strong than in the previous period. 
Where reason dominates they are well under control; 



^Sociability and sympathy are the parents of friendship and 
brotherhood. 

Ht is to this period that the Teacher- Supply, the Home Depart- 
ments specially belong; they should be divided into several Review 
Grades, where all the subjects and systems treated before are 
given a general and practical review, according to the * 'Analogy 
of Faith" and in the spirit of Christian "consecration." 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 165 

when undermined by sensual indulgence the prominent 
trait is recklessness. It is also the age of final surrender 
to virtue, civic interest and good works, or to vice and 
crime. The aesthetic emotions become influential in con- 
duct and career.'' New interest in nature, art, poetry or 
music and the strengthening of healthy desires and high 
ideals are manifest.^ 

Psychically, there are an increasing ambitional power 
and a clearer mental vision,^ — the rise of practical ideas 
and workable plans for the future dominate. Usually, 
"it is the age of final decisions in business or profession, 
in social, domestic and political relations. The realization 
of the reality of truth, as expressed in the Christian 
religion,'' ordinarily effects a loyal adherence to some 
Christian denomination. 

Socially, ''this period marks the high tide of social life. 
The healthy young man does not want to be alone," — 
he is anxious for re-adjustment and personal advance- 
ment.^ ''The political caucus, the athletic team, the parish 
gathering, all appeal to him. . . . Social environ- 
ment becomes a powerful factor for good or evil ; and it 



^The greatest stimulus toward the attainment of ideals operates 
when the young man is inspired with the hope of success. 
^Thoroughness is not an intellectual but a moral quality. 
*No one is so empty as he who is full of himself. 



166 MODERN PROBLEMS 

shapes'' to a marked degree his career and his character 
which, when actually Christian, makes life more truly- 
worth living. 

The Age of Concentration^ 
This is the majority-period of adolescence, and extends 
from the twenty-third to the thirtieth year of life; if 
"consecrated," it should begin to blossom like "the cedars 
of Lebanon,'' in obedience, loyalty and devotion, growing 
out of "faith" through the "communion of saints," in 
Jesus Christ, and His every cause, resulting in the "regen- 
eration" of all the races of mankind. 

The Age of Reconstruction 
This latest majority-period of adolescence extends 
from the thirtieth to the fifty-fifth year of life. Its Chris- 
tian splendor should embrace, for all who reach this stage 
of life, pass through it and beyond, the magnanimous 
blendings of temperate ambitions and hallowed ideals for 
time and eternity. "The danger of shipwreck is less in 
mid-ocean than near shore." 



We are herewith appending what, for earnest parents 
and teachers alike, will prove of inestimable value if, 



^See ^'Diagram" under Appended Notes, No. 11. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 167 

applied in connection with all that is systematized in the 
foregoing pages under ''Pedagogical Problems and Their 
Solutions/' according to the deductions obtained from 
modern scientific research, especially in the adjacent fields 
of physiology and psychology. These are physiognomi- 
cally becoming more and more significant concerning the 
indexing of temperament, character, strength and points 
of weakness in the child. 

We shall not attempt here to interpret all that the 
human form itself indicates as to the types of the races, 
their bodily perfection, etc. ; or how the movements of the 
human form are of telling signification as to individual 
poise, whether natural or forced, quick or slow, etc. ; or 
what is implied by the size, shape and complexion of the 
human face and head, — the dominant temperamental in- 
dications, — the quality of the hair, the color of the eyes, 
the attention paid to the teeth, etc. ; or how important a 
part the projections of the human countenance play as 
to capabilities intellectual and social, — whether the fore- 
head bespeaks breadth of vision or narrow-mindedness, 
the nose is well-shaped, straight, upturned or down, the 
chin is receding, perpendicular or projecting, large, square 
or small, etc. For, it is with this most attractive portion of 



168 MODERN PROBLEMS 

man's being, — its possibilities and character, as inter- 
preted through the eyes, that we are principally interested. 
The organs of sight have long been extolled by both 
poet and philosopher as the mirror of the human soul. 
They are today "conceded by all who have studied them 
from a strictly scientific standpoint, to afford, in their 
shape, position, muscular reactions, and general condi- 
tion, an almost incredible wealth of information. Even 
such a seemingly trivial matter as their color has been 
found of considerable importance as an aid in character 
reading. 

''For example, some years ago a writer raised the ques- 
tion, 'Why do novelists usually give their favorite char- 
acters gray or blue eyes?' The answer to this question 
involves the discovery that most writers of note have 
themselves been gray or blue-eyed people. Emerson, 
Hawthorne, Lowell, Carlyle, Milton, Swift, Dickens, 
Scott, George Eliot, Landor, Shelley, Keats, Byron, Ros- 
setti — all of these, to mention only a few from the long 
list, have had blue or gray eyes; and in numerous in- 
stances their eyes have also possessed an uncommonly 
clear and penetrating quality. 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 169 

''Of Hawthorne's eyes, Bayard Taylor used to say that 
they were 'the only eyes I ever knew to flash fire' ; and 
Hawthorne's wife once wrote to a friend, T never dared 
gaze at him, even I, unless his lids were down.' Describ- 
ing Carlyle on the lecture platform, Leigh Hunt said, 
'There he stood, rugged of feature, — brow abrupt like 
a low cliff craggy over eyes deep-set, large, piercing, be- 
tween blue and gray, full of rolling fire.' Of Rossetti 
we are told that his eyes were 'gray-blue, clear, and pierc- 
ing/ and characterized by 'that penetrating gaze so notice- 
able in Emerson.' 

"But more than this, and a fact to be borne well in 
mind, is the interesting circumstance that not only famous 
writers, but men of great intellectual power in all walks 
of life have had, in an overwhelming majority of cases, 
gray or blue eyes. Napoleon's eyes are described as 
having been gray 'full of determination and resolve.' 
Napoleon's conqueror, Wellington, the Iron Duke, like- 
wise had 'penetrating gray eyes.' So had Oliver Crom- 
well, whose eyes 'looked out inscrutably.' Gray was also 
the color of George Washington's eyes and of Thomas 
Jefiferson's. Alexander Hamilton's were a deep blue. 



170 MODERN PROBLEMS 

Ulysses S. Grant's dark gray eyes have been pronounced 
'the most expressive part of his features.' Abraham Lin- 
coln's eyes were blue. 

''Of course there are exceptions to this as to every 
rule. Grant's illustrious rival, Robert E. Lee, had 'hazel 
brown' eyes ; the eyes of Gladstone, the Great Commoner, 
were 'agate colored,' approaching black ; and Daniel Web- 
ster's eyes, which 'flamed under his superb brow even in 
old age,' were unmistakably black. But the fact remains 
that for every man of high intellectual power having 
brown or black eyes, it is easy to name nine with eyes 
of blue or gray. On the other hand, if blue, gray, or 
grayish-blue eyes seem to go with extraordinary mental 
ability, it has been observed that as a rule brown-eyed 
and black-eyed people are possessed of pronounced emo- 
tional traits, being ardent, impulsive, affectionate, pas- 
sionate. 

"We have here, it seems to me, a hint of first-class im- 
portance to educators and parents. For the facts just 
stated suggest that, in the upbringing of a blue or gray- 
eyed child, care should be taken to appeal with special 
force to the emotional side of the child's being so that he 
shall not grow up to be an intellectually superior but per- 



THEIR PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS 171 

haps cold, heartless and selfish man. And, in the case 
of the brown or black-eyed child, the effort should pri- 
marily be to develop the reasoning power and power of 
the will, so that in later life impulse and passion will be 
less likely to govern the conduct.'' 



APPENDED NOTES. 



Reality* 

— metaphysical 
— psychological 



^ The human body 

— as a phenomenon 
— as the symbol of 
psychical life 



Psychical life 

— dual 



Physically 

— as seen from 
without by the 
senses 

— in a manifest 
corporeal world 
Psychically 

— as seen from 
within, in self- 
consciousness 

— in a psychical life. 



Intelligence 

— through sensation, percept and thought 
Willi 

— impulse,^ desire^ and choice, 
— craving,* striving and feeling^ 



^The will in consciousness appears as a deliberate striving. 

^Sensuous desire is impulse accompanied by the perception of 
the object at which it aims. 

^The rational will is desire determined by purpose, principles 
and ideals. 

*In case the craving is satisfied, the result is pleasure; in case 
it is opposed, pain ensues. 

^Feelings of satisfaction are attendant upon conduct which con- 
forms to the ideal. 



-This Outline Analysis is from Prof. F. Paulsen's work on 
"Ethics"; all the others, including the diagrams and annotations, 
are by the author. 



174 



MODERN PROBLEMS 




spiritual 

mental 

"correlative" xx 

moral 

carnal 



X God as the centre of all creation, — of all creatures — and 
finally of man, thus embraces and enriches all. 

XX It is the "correlative" quality by God's "inbreathing" which 
continues man as the ethico-religious being, and which makes 
him immortal and redeemable. 



-^—3. 




To understand the accompanying diagram, 

the student will have to note well the loca- 

„.p tion of the respective centres and also their 

respective circumferences. The centre and 

— 5 the circle (1) Represent God, (2) Represent 

Redeption, (3) Represent man as fallen. 



LOVE 

— an attribute of God, 
— part nature of Jesus 
Christ. 



Quality 

— basic, 
— creative, 
— Redemptive. 



Nature 
— spiritual, 
— reciprocative,^ 
— divine and human. 



APPENDED NOTES 



175 



Action 

-through Christ Jesus, ^ 
-in and through man.* 



Application 

— through Faith, 

—by the Holy Spirit,* 

— and the "grace" of the Word. 



Renegeratlon 

-in Baptism, 

-the Lord's Supper. 



Good Worl<s 
— in thought, word 
and deed^ 



^Reciprocally active on the part of Love divine, a.nd passive on 
the part of love human. 

^Possessed of a divinely Triune and triactive human nature as 
revealed in Christ's incarnation. 

^Endowed through the "breath" -life with a divine and human 
nature as created in the "image and likeness" of the Creator. 

^Concerned in the divine and human well-being of man socially 
as sequel to the Father's love and Christ's redemption. 

^Divine love not only brings the particular "correlative" ele- 
ments of man's being into responsive relationship, and so directs 
his life from stage to stage in its progress, but it also raises his 
relationship reciprocally out of its original sinful isolation, and 
effects a spiritually new corporate life and environment. 



GRACE 

Providential^ 
Personal 

Intelligence 

— spiritual 
— transitory 
— fixed 



Sources 

— of stimulation 

through impulses 

— of discrimination 
through yearnings 



Ideas 

and -l 

thoughts 



works^ 



^The same arguments which prove the being of God, prove a 
Providence. There are: (1) The necessary connection between the 



176 



MODERN PROBLEMS 



belief of a God and of a Providence; (2) the preserving Providence; 
(3) the governing Providence; (4) the sovereignty of Providence; 
(5) the justice of Providence; (6) the holiness of Providence; (7) the 
goodness of Providence; (8) the wisdom of Providence; (9) the 
duties man owes to Providence. 

2The following will prove a striking parallelism of sources be- 
tween the internal workings of nature and Grace: 

Impulse — momentum — physical 
emotion — force — ethical 
idea — energy — psychical 
thought — power — social 



THE HUMAN 
— spiritual 
— triactic 



SOU 



L* ^ 



Sentient, 
Psychic, 
Pneumatic, 



Physical 

— basic 

— material 
Ethical 

— "correlative" 

— personal 

— social 
Spiritual 

—pertaining to 

the native ground 
of Redemption. 



Operative through the Holy Spirit 

—in the efficacious impress-energy of "the Word"; 
—by "faith" which copulatively transfers the seat of the soul 
^ to "the spirit" of man effecting "regeneration"; 

i — through the "pneumatos nous" of the "communion" both at 
I the altar, and with the "saints." 



*The soul is the energizing and extricating life- centre of man's 
being temporal and eternal. 



APPENDED NOTES 



177 



GOD THE FATHER 

— cause 
— source 



Creator 

— through Christ Jesus 

— by the Holy Spirit and of man 



The Soul 

— earthward 

The Spirit 
— Godward 



sentient 
psychic 
pneumatic 

psychic 

pneumatic 



Qualities 

— human 

Qualities 

— divine 



The Holy Spirit 

— operative through 
— in the Sacraments 



'the Word" 



fThe Church* 

— militant 
— triumphant 



*From God man ward: it is the Holy Spirit operative through 
the "means of grace" upon the psychic quality of man's "spirit'* 
controlling the pneumatic quality of man's "soul" and of man's 
"spirit" through "faith" appropriative, that the psychic quality 
of man's "soul" spiritually regenerative, copulatively restores to 
man his lost "spirituality." From man God- ward: it is the Christ- 
gift of "faith" operative through the "means of grace" upon the 
responsive heart of man. "Faith" itself being the reflex- "grace" - 
gift of Love to man, whereby he reciprocally through the spiritually 
renewed psychic quality of the "soul" central, controlling the 
psychic quality of the "spirit" of man mediating, becomes passive 
and receptive, yields to the pneumatic quality of man's "spirit" 
under the Holy Spirit, somatically manifest by a holy walk in the 
"communion of saints." 



178 



MODERN PROBLEMS 




Father 
Son 

Spirit 

** Correlative" 
Being of man 



Godhead 

f pneumatic 
I psychical 



I 



"Spirit" -wrought 
Innately copulative 
Energies of man 

Manifest living 
Expression of man 



I' pneumatic 
•l psychical 
I sentient 

{sentient 
corporeal 



Father 

Son 

Spirit 

* 'correlative" 

being of man 

''Spirit" -wrought 

innately copulative 

energies of man 

manifest living 

expression of man 



Attributes of 

"the spirit of man" 

f Attributes of 

I "the soul of man" 

{Attributes of 
"the body of man" 



It is because of the supremacy of the soul over the attributes 
of man's being, that it keeps a constant supervision of, and 
dominion over them in actions and conduct. In fact, it exercises 
the power of choice, — and wills and adjusts and thus exacts from 
each individual — by reason of its possession of these spiritual 
attributes — that which makes man personally responsible and 
morally accountable; yea, which also lifts him even in his natural 
state, above and beyond the level of all mere automatism and 
simple mechanics; or what is commonly understood by "fatalism." 



APPENDED NOTES 



179 



8. 



STAT-e 




f=>MVSlCAl_ BASIS. 



*SoclaI Forces 

— natural 
— historical 



Essential 

— physical 

Non-essential 



Positive 

— pleasure-seeking 
Preservative ] Negative 
— individual [ —pain -avoiding 

Reproductive f Direct 

— racial J — sexual 

] Resultant 
[ — parental 



180 



MODERN PROBLEMS 



THE HUMAN HEART 

— individually the source 

of affections and sympathies 

— socially the exponent of forces 
ethico-religious and historical 



Natural Wants 

— correlative 
— essential 

Spiritual Needs 

— correlative 
— essential 



Physical 



Moral^ 



Ethical! 



Spiritual 




J Voluntary 

I — without inwardly 

( Spontaneous 

I — within outwardly 



Personally 

— susceptible 
— demonstrative 
— companionable 

Socially 

— of love2 
—of affection^ 
— of sympathy* 
—of habits 



^As to the difference between ethical and moral life: — the 
former is spontaneous, or expresses itself from within outwardly, 
being energized by the marriage of good in the heart with truth in 
the understanding; while the latter is purely voluntary, or expresses 
itself from without inwardly, being energized by the supremacy of 
truth in the understanding to good in the heart. 

^Liove is the spiritual, interweaving life-force and copulative 
union of man with man, of God with humanity. 

^The affections are a peculiarly human faculty. "They are 
turned towards persons, they dwell upon persons and in persons 
have their end and object." 

^Sympathy is an interlocking, responsively harmonizing social 
energy in matters which especially concern "the affections." 

f^Habits are socially perceptional and responsively actional, — 
wrought by use and acquired by exercise. 



APPENDED NOTES 181 



10. 



INSTRUCTION^ C — the subject-matter 
— definite / — the method-whole^ 



r materialistic^ 
J or 

Idealistic 



, preparation* ^ , ^. C association^ 

or < • 'J.. Analytic ■{ ^ x- o 

' acquisition / application^ 



I' Education 
[ precepts*^ ^ presentation* J — the foregoing 

^ and -\ absorption Synthetic ] requisites are but 

[ concepts^ [ reproduction [ prefatory to it 

^As **the human soul works according to definite laws," so the 
psychical processes should conform to laws in the same manner as 
do the physical. Thus, there can be but one natural method of 
instruction, that which conforms exactly to the laws of the human 
heart and mind, and makes all its arrangements spontaneous. 

^"Method insures effectiveness of the educator's activity." It 
should conform to the nature of the object of instruction as well 
as to the nature of the pupil learning. 

"By stating first the object of a lesson, the scholar's expectation 
is aroused. For example: **Today we shall see what became of 
Robinson Crusoe after he was cast upon the island." 

*"The purpose of preparation is subservient to that of apprecia- 
tion; it aims to prepare the way for the acquisition of the new by 
calling up and ordering the related old." 

^"The precept is a product of both external and internal obser- 
vation; the notion which cannot arise directly from the senses is 
a product of thought." The first finds its deduction in the process 
of apperception; the second, in the process of abstraction. 

^"The method of presentation is, of course, different for different 
branches" of learning. In general, two forms of presentation may 
be distinguished: (1) the narrative perception; (2) the developing 
presentation. 

^"In so far as the method of teaching succeeds in imitating the 
normal process of concept-formation, so far is it healthy, simple, 
and natural." 

^"Association, the first abstraction, begins with the repetition 



182 MODERN PROBLEMS 

of the synthetic material, and its comparison and association with 
the old. . . . All observed cases are compared and their like 
elements noted." 

^"Application. — This step has a two-fold end in view: (1) The 
knowledge must obtain a certain degree of stability and mobility 
so that the mind shall be capable of commanding its service at 
will; (2) it must be diligently exercised upon practical questions, 
so that the pupil associates its use with the needs of life." 



11 




"Father of all, in every age, 
In every clime, adored" 
By every saint, by every sage, — 
Jehovah, God and Lord! 

Saviour of all, Who ever sought — 
Communion with Thy saints! 

O Christ Who our redemption bought, — 
Taught us Thy love's restraints! 

Spirit of all, in every clime 

Teacher of wisdom true, 
Whence saints in cycles of all time 

Their sacred knowledge drew! 

Zion of all, eternal home. 
Kingdom of love and bliss, 

Where saints and angels gladly roam 
Knowing the Father's kiss! 

Father and Saviour, Spirit sweet,— 

Heaven and eternal rest! 
Great God triune, in One complete, — 

A sacred union blest! 



INDEX. 



Adam — p. 11, 14, 39, 48, 

86, 99, 113, 124. 
Adjustment, — p. 15, 22, 47, 

53, 105, 107, 132. 
Affections, The — p. 84, 

124, 125, 126, 130, 132, 

136, 180. 
Age of Concentration, The 

— p. 166. 
Age of Decision, The — p. 

164. 
Age of Habit, The — p. 

154. 
Age of Imitation, The — p. 

150. 
Age of Impulse, The — p. 

147. 
Age of Instinct, The — p. 

146. 
Age of Reconstruction, — 

p. 166. 
Age of Romance, The — p. 

162. 
Age of Transition, The — 

p. 158. 



Altar, The — p. 52, 113, 

136, 176. 
Altruism, — p. 121. 
Ancient Greece, — p. 73. 
Arbitration, — p. 27, 28. 
Atonement, The — p. 86, 

100. 
Attention,— p. 139, 140. 

Baptism, — p. 23, 29, 51, 
56, 112, 113, 147, 175. 

Being of Man, The — p. 11, 
13, 22, 23, 44, 55, 65, 
66, 70, 81, 85, 87, 131, 
144, 178. 

Bible-Study,— p. 55. 

Breaking of the Will, The 
— p. 151. 

Breath-life, The — p. 12, 

22, 79, 108, 175. 
"Breath of Lives/' The — 

p. 11, 39. 

Cause & Effect," Law of — 
p. 109. 



186 



INDEX 



Character, — p. 21, 31, 88, 

120, 160, 163. 

Child, The — p. 143, 144, 
145, 148, 153, 156. 

Choice,— p. 11,75,83, 108. 

Christianity, — p. 20, 56, 
101, 102, 118, 122. 

Church, The — p. 19, 29, 
32, 37, 49, 52, 58, 59, 64, 
65, 68, 88, 91, 98, 101, 
103, 105, 109, 116, 120, 

121, 122, 123, 133, 137, 
145. 

Church, Divisions in the — 
p. 30, 52, 65, 101. 

Commandments, The — p. 
50, 56, 59, 112. 

"Communion of Saints," 
The — p. 30, 53, 99, 100, 
103, 136, 138. 

Community, — p. 30, 41, 49, 

52, 98, 108, 119, 122. 
Conduct,— p. 42, 49, 52, 

83,84,111,127,137,155. 
Confirmation, Time of — p. 

160. 
Conscience, The — p. 31, 

61, 71, 82, 83, 84, 116, 

155. 



Consciousness, — p. 17, 32, 
29, 41, 48, 68, 77, 86, 88, 
90, 93, 111, 118, 119. 

"Correlative,"— p. 11, 12, 
22, 24, 39, 43, 46, 57, 69, 
76, 82, 88, 108, 119, 124, 
174, 175. 

Cosmic Order, — p. 13, 44. 

Cravings, The — p. 23, 24, 
25. 

Creation, — p. 11, 13, 15, 39, 
40. 

Culture,— p. 18, 19, 30, 74. 

"Decalogue," The — p. 59. 
Desires,— p. 35, 47, 124. 
Destiny,— p. 55, 57, 84, 

109, 111, 116. 
Disobedience of Adam — 

p. 11, 39. 
Dynamic, — p. 31, 46, 81, 

106, 118. 

Economic, — p. 28, 60, 129, 

137, 138. 
Education, — p. 25, 54, 59, 

62, 6Z, 141, 142, 181. 
Educational Institutions, — 

p. 55, 141. 
"Educational Systems," — 

p. 62, 144. 



INDEX 



187 



Emotions, The — p. 35, 87, 

132, 152. 
Endowments, — p. 12, 57, 

66, 90, 106, 123, 126. 
Environment, — p. 16, 21, 

40, 86, 143. 
Ethical. The — p. 24, 45, 

53, 74, 76, 90, 176, 180. 
"Ethnic Faiths," The — p. 

36, Z7. 
Ethico-religious, — p. 12, 

17, 18, 19, 25, 30, 39, 43, 

49, 51, 52, 55, 62, 66, 70, 

83, 108, 124, 141. 
Evil— p. 11, 14,23,54,66, 

119. 180. 

Existence, — p. 11, 15, 16, 
19, 40, 62, 108, 124, 127. 

Experience, — p. 11, 17, 19, 

34, 45, 49, 66, 67, 75, 93, 
123. 

Faculties. Human — p. 78, 
82, 123. 

Faith,— p. 15, 18, 23, 26, 
31, 32, 37, 42, 43, 45, 51, 
65, 76, 7a 79, 84, 87, 91, 
97, 111, 120, 133, 136, 
142, 177. 

Fall, The — p. 12, 14. 



Family, The — p. 68, 82, 
107, 113, 116, 125, 133, 
157. 

Feelings, — p. 35, 127, 157. 

Freedom, — p. 11, 17, 30, 
39, 61, 84. 

Friendship, — p. 105, 130, 
164. 

God, — p. 11, 12, 22, 26, 

39, 44, 47, 66, 71, 75, 

77, 79, 83, 87, 111, 116. 
Good,— p. 11, 14, 22, 23, 

V, 46, (>6, 70, 74, 82, 

83, 84, 112, 180. 
Gospel, The — p. 44, 103, 

108. 
Grace, — p. 13, 22, 23, 26, 

31. 33, 48, 66, 76, 87, 

109, 175. 
Ground of Redemption, — 

p. 13, 176. 
Growth,— p. 25, 27, 46, 

146. 

Habit,— p. 134, 154, 180. 
Haopiness, — p. 58, 99, 121, 

126. 
Heart, The — p. 18, 39, 48, 

75, 98, 117, 131, 132, 

180. 



188 



INDEX 



Heredity — p. 39, 51, 145. 
History,— p. 57, 60, 105. 
Holiness, — p. 11, 30, 45, 

68, 83. 
Home, The — p. 121, 122. 
Holy Spirit, The — p. 46, 

86, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97, 

123, 136, 138, 175, 177. 
Humanitarian, — p. 28, 32. 
Humanity, — p. 16, 24, 48, 

54, 75, 88, 109, 113, 116, 

118, 128. 

I or Ego, — p. 16, 17, 53, 

109. 
Ideals,— 11, 14, 25, 26, 27, 

39, 52, 55, 58, 62, 74, 79, 

84, 106, 119. 
"Image and Likeness," The 

— p. 12, 39, 83. 
Imagination, The — p. 24, 

36, 87, 140, 153. 
Impulse,— p. 123, 147, 150, 

175, 176. 
Incarnation, The — p. 15, 

67, 80, 84, 113. 
Infant, The — p. 147. 
Institution, — p. 27, 52, 55, 

58, 59, 100, 109, 111. 

116, 141. 



Instruction, — p. 145, 181. 
Intuition, — p. 81, 93. 

Joy,— p. 45, 110, 127. 
Judgment, The — p. 83, 
119. 

Justice, Divine — p. 28. 

Kinds of Knowing — p. 

124, 142. 
Kingdom of God, The — p. 

51, 117, 138. 
Knowledge, — p. 20, 36, 65, 

67, 68, 83, 135, 137, 152, 

156. 

laws,— p. 18, 31, 54, 78, 

85, 111. 
"Liberty,"— p. 30, 61. 
Life,— p. 17,18,21,22,29, 

36, 39, 41, 42, 48, 55, 57, 

69, 76, 79, 84, 85. 88, 

93, 103, 105, 108, 182. 
Lord's Supper, The — p. 

29, 136. 
Love, Divine — p. 13, 48, 

71, 76, 79, 104, i 23, 174, 

175. 
Love, Human — p. 17, 27, 

50, 66, 112, 121, 122, 



INDEX 189 

123, 125, 129, 136, 180. Obedience,— p. 19, 26, 45, 
Loyalty,— p. 52, 90, 117, ?9, 84, 122, 136. 

127. Order, Social — p. 41, 106, 

Man as a correlative being, ' 

p 11 14 15 21 24 Ordinances, The Church's 

39. ' ' ' ' ' -p. 112, 122, 145. 

Mankind,— p. 14, 24, 28, Organism,— p. 15, 16, 34, 
32, 40, 41, 113, 121. 43, 59, 75, 88, 111, 118. 

Marriage,— p. 107, 112. Organizations, The divi- 
Means of Grace, The — p. sions of — p. 106. 

19, 50. 84, 91, 102, 111, 

124, 177. Pedagogy,— p. 25, 47, 53, 
Method,— p. 32, 146, 181. 55 

Millenium, The -p. 30, Personality,- p. 17, 20, 34, 
31, 138. 229 

Mind, The — p. 18, 39, 69, phenomenal — o 1 5 34 

75, 92, 118, 145. 41 5X87.' ' 

Minis^try, The -p. Ill, Philosophy - P- 73, 74. 

MoraHty,-p. 30, 132 157. ^^^^-'-^'^^ !!;,_ 81, 83, 
Motives,— p. 17, 84, 118. 86,92,94. 

National "righteousness," Providence,— p. 52, 71, 87, 

-p. 27. 123,175. 

Nations, The — p. 26, 30, Psychology, Modern — p. 

62, 73, 102, 105, 106, 108, 143. 

1 12, 1 14, 1 16, 120. Public Schools,— p. 56. 
Nature,— p. 14, 15, 16, 31, 

35, 66, 86, 142. ttualities. Psychic — p. 86, 
Neus,— p. 92, 93. 91, 176, 177, 178. 



190 



INDEX 



Eace, The Human — p. 14, 

54, 65. Ill, 120, 122, 

132, 138. 
Reality,— p. 13, 27, 77, 137, 

173. 
Redemption, The — p. 13, 

2,2,, 85, 91, 122, 124. 
Reform Movements, — p. 

41, 85, 123. 
Regeneration, — p. 15, 23, 

119. 
Religion, — p. 36, 27 , 45, 50, 

52, 63, 70, 76, 79, 81, 

109, 116, 141, 157. 
Righteousness, — p. 11, 24, 

27, 49, 60, 64, 76, 83, 

105, 113. 

"Sacramental," The — p. 

48, 52. 
Sacraments, The — p. 23, 

103, 111, 113, 136, 177. 
Satan,— p. 11, 41, 98. 



Society, — p. 51, 53, 54, 66, 
67, 68, 71, 84, 106, 107, 

115, 118, 127, 128, 129, 
131, 134, 135, 145, 157. 

Sociology,— p. 13, 53, 108, 
119, 120, 125. 

Soul, The — p. 12, 22, 34, 
39, 45, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 
86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 
145, 176, 177, 178, 180, 
181. 

Spirit, The Human — p. 
15, 17, 34, 81, 85, 86, 88, 
89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 136, 
176, 178. 

State, The — p. 61, 63, 109, 

116, 120, 133, 145. 

Static,— p. 46, 52, 106. 
Sympathy,— p. 127, 128, 
134, 180. 

"Talents," The — p. 25, 89. 



Senses, The — p. 25, 34, 35, Teacher's Calling, The ^- 



69, 81, 88, 144. 
Sensation, — p. 17, 35, 87, 

157. 
Sentient, — p. 33, 34, 83, 

86, 90, 148. 
Sciences, incremental, The 

— p. 53, 54. 



p. 145. 
Tendencies, — p. 47, 54, 83, 

156. 
Transcendent, The — p. 28, 

32, 76, 77, 80, 90, 97. 
Tribunals of Arbitration, — 

p. 27, 28. 



INDEX 



191 



Truth, The — p. 46,61,66, 
85. 

Understanding, The — p. 

35, 75, 87, 93. 
Union,— p. 49, 75, 121. 
United States, The — p. 59, 

114, 115. 

Vine, The — p. 24, 49. 
"Vision,"— p. 54, 110. 
Virtues,— p. 110, 152, 156. 
VoHtion,— p. 18, 75, 109. 

Will, Divine — p. 18, 27, 
44, 50, 7^, 127. 



Will, Human — p. 45, 50, 
65, 76, 79, 84, 94, 109, 
116, 127, 173. 

"Word Made Flesh,"— p. 
49, 88, 136, 138. 

Word of God, The — p. 
29, 52, 80, 84, 96, 97, 
99, 120, 123, 136, 176. 

Worship,— p. 17, 45, 48, 
106. 

World-movements, The — 
p. 21, 109, 138. 



Yearnings, The — p. 23, 
24, 175. 



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